Table 2.
Summary of the cues included in the present study. JWW indicates cues that were previously reported by Jongman et al (2000). Also shown are several derived cues included in a subset of the analysis. The “cue for” column indicates the phonological feature typically associated with each cue.
| Cue | Variable | Noise Cue | Description | Cue for | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak Frequency | MaxPF | * | Frequency with highest amplitude. | Place | JWW |
| Frication Duration | DURF | * | Duration of frication | Voicing | JWW |
| Vowel Duration | DURV | Duration of vocalic portion | Voicing | JWW | |
| Frication RMS | RMSF | * | Amplitude of frication | Sibilance | JWW |
| Vowel RMS | RMSV | Amplitude of vocalic portion | Normalization | JWW | |
| F3 narrow-band amplitude (frication). | F3AMPF | * | Amplitude of frication at F3. | Place | New |
| F3 barrow band Amplitude (vowel) | F3AMPV | Amplitude of vowel at F3. | Place | New | |
| F5 narrow-band amplitude (frication). | F5AMPF | * | Amplitude of frication at F5. | Place | New |
| F5 barrow band Amplitude (vowel) | F5AMPV | Amplitude of vowel at F5. | Place | New | |
| Low Frequency Energy | LF | * | Mean RMS below 500 Hz in frication | Voicing | New |
| Pitch | F0 | Fundamental frequency at vowel onset | Voicing | New | |
| First Formant | F1 | First formant frequency of vowel | Voicing | New | |
| Second Formant | F2 | Second formant frequency of vowel | Place | JWW | |
| Third Formant | F3 | Third formant frequency of vowel | Place | New | |
| Fourth Formant | F4 | Fourth formant frequency of vowel | Unknown | New | |
| Fifth Formant | F5 | Fifth formant frequency of vowel | Unknown | New | |
| Spectral Mean | M1 | * | Spectral mean at three windows in frication noise (onset, middle, offset) | Place/Voicing | JWW |
| Spectral Variance | M2 | * | Spectral variance at three windows in frication noise | Place | JWW |
| Spectral Skewness | M3 | * | Spectral skewness at three windows in frication noise | Place/Voicing | JWW |
| Spectral Kurtosis | M4 | * | Spectral kurtosis at three windows in frication noise | Place | JWW |
| Transition Mean | M1trans | Spectral mean in window including end of frication and vowel onset | Place | JWW | |
| Transition Variance | M2trans | Spectral variance in window including end of frication and vowel onset | Place | JWW | |
| Transition Skewness | M3trans | Spectral skewness in window including end of frication and vowel onset | Place | JWW | |
| Transition Kurtosis | M4trans | Spectral kurtosis in window including end of frication and vowel onset | Place | JWW |