TABLE 4.
Odds ratios (ORs) & 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for adjusted associations of medication groups and urinary incontinence (referent=no use) among men, N=2,123.
| Medication group or class | Exposed Cases N1 | Minimally-adjusted model2 | Parsimonious multivariable model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antihistamines3 | 6 | 1.69 (0.71, 4.02) | |
| Beta receptor agonists | 6 | 1.20 (0.51, 2.82) | |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)4 | 7 | 2.53 (1.07, 5.96) | 2.21 (0.96, 5.10)5 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors | 24 | 2.01 (1.11, 3.61) | 1.55 (0.83, 2.92)5 |
| Beta blockers | 12 | 0.80 (0.40, 1.58) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 12 | 1.30 (0.67, 2.53) | |
| Statins | 16 | 0.60 (0.31, 1.14) | |
| Miscellaneous lipid lowering drugs | 6 | 2.08 (0.83, 5.23) | |
| SSRI/SNRI/serotonin modulator antidepressants | 13 | 1.31 (0.71, 2.43) | |
| Benzodiazepines | 7 | 1.93 (0.87, 4.29) | |
| Anticonvulsants6 | 11 | 3.21 (1.63, 6.32) | 2.50 (1.24, 5.03)7 |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 5 | 2.52 (1.00, 6.35) | 1.55 (0.64, 3.78)7 |
| Opiates/narcotics | 10 | 1.96 (0.96, 3.98) | |
| COX-2 inhibitors | 5 | 1.92 (0.72, 5.12) | |
| Carboxyl-salicylate NSAIDS | 26 | 1.14 (0.70, 1.86) | |
| Carboxyl-propionic NSAIDS | 26 | 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) | |
| Thiazide & thiazide like diuretics | 12 | 1.41 (0.70, 2.86) | |
| Loop diuretics | 11 | 3.59 (1.79, 7.21) | 1.82 (0.87, 3.80)5 |
| Histamine H2 antagonist anti-ulcer | 5 | 1.27 (0.51, 3.15) | |
| Proton pump inhibitor anti-ulcer | 14 | 1.61 (0.87, 2.98) | |
| Sulfonylurea | 11 | 1.51 (0.76, 3.00) | |
| Synthetic corticosteroids | 9 | 1.11 (0.54, 2.25) |
NOTES: CIs in bold exclude 1.00. Multivariable models were built when significant or near-significant associations were observed in minimally-adjusted models. Tricyclic antidepressants and the ‘miscellaneous diuretics’ group were not considered among men due to insufficient numbers for models.
There were 100 total cases of UI among men; this column gives the number of exposed cases for each medication group.
Minimally adjusted model contains age (categorical) and race/ethnicity. In some analyses, the analysis population was subset on 948 men (including 51 cases) with indications for antihypertensive medications (ARBs, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and the diuretic groups) and among 844 men (including 54 cases) with indications for lipid-lowering drugs (statins and other lipid-lowering medications).
Antihistamines included in this group include cyproheptadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, loratadine, and trimethobenzamide.
This medication group included users of candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, and valsartan.
Model adjusted for age (categorical), race/ethnicity, waist circumference, congestive heart failure, and depression. Other covariates were considered but eliminated by the modeling strategy (see methods).
Anticonvulsants included in this group: carbamazepine, divalproex, gabapentin, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, primidone, tiagabine, and topiramate.
Model adjusted for age (categorical), race/ethnicity, waist circumference, and depression.