Table 1.
Summary of Findings Table
| Nidotherapy-enhanced Standard Care compared with Standard Care for people with schizophrenia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient or Population: Patients with People with Schizophrenia Settings: Intervention: Nidotherapy-enhanced Standard Care Comparison: Standard Care | ||||||
| Illustrative comparative risksa (95% CI) | – | |||||
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Outcomes | Standard Care | Nidotherapy-enhanced Standard Care | –Relative effect (95% CI) | No. of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments |
| Functioning—specific— social—change in average score—medium term (6–12 months) Social Functioning Questionnaire—Key Worker (SFQ-KW). Scale: from 0 to 24. Follow-up: 12 months | The mean functioning—specific—social—change in average score—medium term (6–12 months) in the control groups was 13.2 points | The mean functioning—specific—social—change in average score—medium term (6–12 months) in the intervention groups was 1.70 lower (from 4.6 lower to 1.2 higher) | 37 (1 study) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowb,c,dc | ||
| Functioning—general—no important change—medium term (6–12 months)—not measured | See comment | See comment | Not estimable | – | See comment | No study reported this outcome |
| Mental state—no important change—medium term (6–12 months) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Scale: from 0 to 96. Follow-up: 12 months | The mean mental state - no important change—medium term (6–12 months) in the control groups was 0 | The mean mental state—no important change—medium term (6–12 months) in the intervention groups was 0 higher (from 0 to 0 higher) | 37 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc,e | Highly skewed data—mental state average scores reported in “Data and Analysis”—short term (<6 months) medium term (6–12 months) | |
| Quality of life—no important change—medium term (6–12 months)—not measured | See comment | See comment | Not estimable | – | See comment | No study reported this outcome |
| Satisfaction with treatment | See comment | See comment | Not estimable | 0 (0) | See comment | No study reported this outcome |
| Economic outcomes—total costs (12 months) NHS Reference Costs and unit costs Follow-up: 12 months | The mean economic outcomes—total costs (12 months) in the control groups was 0 | The mean economic outcomes—total costs (12 months) in the intervention groups was 0 higher (from 0 to 0 higher) | 48 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc,f | Highly skewed data—economic outcomes over 12 months reported in “Data and Analysis”—direct costs; indirect costs; total costs | |
| Adverse effects—specific—death Number of individual deaths of participants Follow-up: 12 months | 42 per 1000 | 12 per 1000 (from 0 to 281) | RR 0.29 (from 0.01 to 6.74) | 52 (1 study) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowc,,g,h | |
Note: GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.
aThe basis for the assumed risk (eg, the median control group risk across studies) is provided. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI, Confidence interval; RR, Risk ratio.
bRisk of bias: rated “serious”—co-author of study developed the SFQ scale, unclear if validated.
cImprecision: rated “serious”—only one study reported results on this outcome.
dPublication bias: rated “strongly suspected”—SFQ patient version results mentioned but not reported.
eImprecision: rated “very serious”—highly skewed data.
fIndirectness: rated “serious”—all costs presented as an average, with wide scatter of costs in both intervention and control groups.
gRisk of bias: rated “serious”—only one death recorded from control group—cause of death unknown; “homicide was suspected but no-one was charged.”
hInconsistency: rated “very serious”—small sample size with one death; unknown facts/causes leading to death.