Table 3.

Summary of Methods of iNeuron Generation

Species	Factors Involved	Neurotransmitter Identity	Regional Patterning	Other Validations	Reference
Mouse	Brn2, Ascl1, Mytl1	Majority glutamatergic; many GABAergic; undetectable dopaminergic, cholinergic or serotinergic	Majority cortical	Immunostaining, electrophysiology	Vierbuchen et al.32
Human	BRN2, ASCL1, MYTL1, NEUROD1	Majority glutamatergic; few GABAergic; few dopaminergic; undetectable cholinergic or serotinergic	17% Forebrain; undetectable midbrain; 21% PNS	Immunostaining, qPCR, electrophysiology	Pang et al.33
Human	miR-124, MYTL1, BRN2	44% glutamatergic; 8% GABAergic; rare dopaminergic; undetectable cholinergic or serotinergic	Central nervous system	Immunostaining, electrophysiology	Ambasudhan et al.34
Human	miR-124, miR-9/9, NEUROD2, ASCL1, MYT1L	Mixture of glutamatergic and GABAergic; few serotonergic; undetectable dopaminergic	Majority cortical; few striatum or cerebellum; undetectable PNS	Immunostaining, qPCR, electrophysiology, stimulation-dependent calcium imaging, exit from cell cycle (EdU)	Yoo et al.35
Mouse, human	MASH1, ASCL1, NURR1, LMX1A	85% dopaminergic; undetectable adrenergic or serotonergic	Midbrain	Immunostaining, qPCR, gene expression profiling, electrophysiology, dopaminergic release (HPLC), transplantation	Caiazzo36
Mouse	Ascl1, Pitx3, (Lmx1a, Nurr1, Foxa2, EN1)	Midbrain dopaminergic neurons	Midbrain	Immunostaining, qPCR, gene expression profiling, dopaminergic release (HPLC), transplantation	Kim et al.37

Note: GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; PNS, peripheral nervous system; qPCR, quantitative PCR.