Table 2.
Larvicidal activity of essential oil from Indian borage against a laboratory colony and wild population of African malarial vector mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae s.s. after 12 and 24 hours 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure period respectively
| Concentration (ppm) | Time | Mortality | L C50(LCL-UCL)a | LC90(LCL-UCL)a | X2(df=4)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory colony (An. gambiae s.s) |
3.125 |
After 12 Hours |
0±0.0 |
98.56 (76.55 – 158.18) |
147.40 (112.35 – 276.75) |
25.52 |
| 6.25 |
0±0.0 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
0±0.0 |
|||||
| 25 |
0±0.0 |
|||||
| 50 |
26±1.30 |
|||||
| 100 |
55±1.58 |
|||||
| 3.125 |
After 24 Hours |
3±0.89 |
55.20 (35.26 – 96.69) |
99.09 (70.65 – 203.33) |
49.36 |
|
| 6.25 |
5±0.70 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
14±0.83 |
|||||
| 25 |
16±1.48 |
|||||
| 50 |
83±1.67 |
|||||
| 100 |
98±0.54 |
|||||
| 3.125 |
After 48 Hours |
23±1.14 |
32.41 (8.23 – 62.40) |
98.84 (66.67 – 242.69) |
30.57 |
|
| 6.25 |
29±0.70 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
51±0.83 |
|||||
| 25 |
55±1.0 |
|||||
| 50 |
95±0.70 |
|||||
| 100 |
100±0.0 |
|||||
| Wild population (An. gambiae s.l) | 3.125 |
After 12 Hours |
0±0.0 |
119.52 (98.53 – 164.94) |
179.85 (143.12 – 268.45) |
8.19 |
| 6.25 |
0±0.0 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
1±0.44 |
|||||
| 25 |
2±0.89 |
|||||
| 50 |
15±1.58 |
|||||
| 100 |
37±1.14 |
|||||
| 3.125 |
After 24 Hours |
0±0.0 |
67.53 (55.31 – 85.22) |
107.60 (88.92 – 143.21) |
16.23 |
|
| 6.25 |
0±0.0 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
3±0.89 |
|||||
| 25 |
14±0.83 |
|||||
| 50 |
47±1.14 |
|||||
| 100 |
96±0.83 |
|||||
| 3.125 |
After 48 Hours | 42±1.67 |
25.51 (0.25 – 46.94) | 111.17 (76.91 – 238.56) | 16.63 | |
| 6.25 |
44±2.68 |
|||||
| 12.5 |
52±1.51 |
|||||
| 25 |
52±2.07 |
|||||
| 50 |
95±0.70 |
|||||
| 100 | 98±0.54 |
a – 95% Confidence interval.
b – Degrees of freedom.
LCL Lower Confidence level, UCL Upper Confidence level.