Table 2. Associations of liver function tests with the risk of type 2 diabetes.

	EPIC-NL case-chort study HR (95%) per log2 unit increase			PREVEND cohort study OR (95% CI) per log2 unit increase
Liver markers	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3	Step 1	Step 2
Total
GGT– U/liter	2.08 (1.94–2.22)	1.49 (1.37–1.62)	1.45 (1.34–1.58)	1.76 (1.60,1.93)	1.22 (1.09–1.38)
ALT– U/liter	2.05 (1.86–2.26)	1.22 (1.09–1.37)	1.05 (0.93–1.18)	1.88 (1.66, 2.14)	1.29 (1.11–1.50)
AST– U/liter	1.81 (1.52–2.16)	0.97 (0.81–1.17)	1.04 (0.87–1.22)	1.63 (1.31, 2.02)	1.16 (0.89–1.50)
Albumin– g/L	0.56 (0.34–0.92)	0.34 (0.21–0.54)	0.42 (0.24–0.74)	0.50 (0.17, 1.49)	0.31 (0.87–1.05)
Women
GGT– U/liter	2.03 (1.89–2.18)	1.45 (1.32–1.58)	1.40 (1.27–1.54)	1.86 (1.60–2.16)	1.22 (1.01–1.49)
ALT– U/liter	1.85 (1.66–2.06)	1.07 (0.94–1.22)	0.92 (0.81–1.05)	1.95 (1.57–2.42)	1.29 (1.00–1.67)
AST– U/liter	1.71 (1.39–2.10)	0.80 (0.64–0.99)	0.85 (0.70–1.04)	1.44 (0.97–2.15)	1.20 (0.76–1.88)
Albumin– g/L	0.49 (0.29–0.82)	0.23 (0.15–0.37)	0.53 (0.31–0.90)	0.45 (0.08–2.42)	0.36 (0.05–2.29)
Men
GGT– U/liter	1.98 (1.68–2.34)	1.43 (1.17–1.76)	1.33 (1.08–1.63)	1.67 (1.48–1.88)	1.22 (1.05–1.42)
ALT– U/liter	2.62 (2.14–3.20)	1.87 (1.48–2.35)	1.64 (1.29–2.08)	1.80 (1.53–2.10)	1.29 (1.07–1.56)
AST– U/liter	2.08 (1.50–2.89)	1.66 (1.16–2.38)	1.73 (1.20–2.51)	1.62 (1.24–2.10)	1.15 (0.84–1.58)
Albumin– g/L	0.44 (0.10–1.97)	4.73 (0.92–24.32)	4.23 (0.83–21.58)	0.38 (0.09–1.63)	0.22 (0.04–1.14)

In step, we adjusted for age and sex (in total populations); step 2, further adjusted for BMI (kg/m2), ex-smoker (yes = 1, no = 0), current smoking (yes = 1, no = 0), parental diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0), hypertension (yes = 1, no = 0), glucose (mmol/l) and uric acid (µmol/l); and model 3 further adjusted for HbA1c (only in the EPIC-NL case-cohort study).

EPIC-NL denotes European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer, PREVEND Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease, CI confidence interval.