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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 17.
Published in final edited form as: Quant Econom. 2010;1(1):1–46. doi: 10.3982/qe8

Table 6.

Main outcomes: Males, part 2.a

Effect
 p-Values
Outcome Age Ctl.
Mean		 Uncond.b Cond.
(Full)c 		Cond.
(Part.)d 		Naïvee Full
Lin.f 		Partial
Lin.g 		Part. Lin.
(adj.)h 		Gender
D-in-Di 		Available
Observations
Employment
   Current Employment 19 0.41 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.101 0.144 0.103 0.196 0.373 72
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 19 3.82 1.47 1.31 1.50 0.784 0.763 0.781 0.841 0.102 70
   No Job in Past Year 19 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.924 0.827 0.857 0.857 0.009 72
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 27 8.79 −3.66 −4.09 −4.50 0.059 0.057 0.033 0.065 0.908 69
   No Job in Past Year 27 0.31 −0.07 −0.07 −0.09 0.260 0.295 0.192 0.294 0.157 72
   Current Employment 27 0.56 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.367 0.251 0.219 0.219 0.220 69
   Current Employment 40 0.50 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.059 0.011 0.011 0.024 0.395 66
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 40 10.75 −3.52 −4.59 −5.17 0.082 0.040 0.018 0.026 0.573 66
  No Job in Past Year 40 0.46 −0.10 −0.15 −0.17 0.249 0.123 0.068 0.068 0.464 72
Earningsj
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 19 2.74 −0.16 0.09 0.13 0.591 0.408 0.442 — 0.677 30
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 27 1.43 0.88 0.99 1.01 0.017 0.014 0.011 0.018 0.752 68
   Yearly Earn., Current Job 27 21.51 3.50 3.67 4.38 0.227 0.248 0.186 0.186 0.873 66
   Yearly Earn., Current Job 40 24.23 7.17 4.62 7.02 0.147 0.270 0.150 0.203 0.755 66
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 40 2.11 0.50 0.44 0.55 0.224 0.277 0.195 0.195 0.708 66
Earnings & Employmentj
   Current Employment 19 0.41 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.101 0.144 0.103 0.279 0.373 72
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 19 2.74 −0.16 0.09 0.13 0.591 0.408 0.442 0.736 0.677 30
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 19 3.82 1.47 1.31 1.50 0.784 0.763 0.781 0.841 0.102 70
   No Job in Past Year 19 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.924 0.827 0.857 0.857 0.009 72
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 27 1.43 0.88 0.99 1.01 0.017 0.014 0.011 0.037 0.752 68
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 27 8.79 −3.66 −4.09 −4.50 0.059 0.057 0.033 0.084 0.908 69
   Yearly Earn., Current Job 27 21.51 3.50 3.67 4 38 0.227 0.248 0.186 0.360 0.873 66
   No Job in Past Year 27 0.31 −0.07 −0.07 −0.09 0.260 0.295 0.192 0.294 0.157 72
   Current Employment 27 0.56 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.367 0.251 0.219 0.219 0.220 69
   Current Employment 40 0.50 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.059 0.011 0.011 0.035 0.395 66
   Jobless Months in Past 2 Yrs. 40 10.75 −3.52 −4.59 −5.17 0.082 0.040 0.018 0.045 0.573 66
   No Job in Past Year 40 0.46 −0.10 −0.15 −0.17 0.249 0.123 0.068 0.137 0.464 72
   Yearly Earn., Current Job 40 24.23 7.17 4.62 7.02 0.147 0.270 0.150 0.203 0.755 66
   Monthly Earn., Current Job 40 2.11 0.50 0.44 0.55 0.224 0.277 0.195 0.195 0.708 66
Economic
   Car Ownership 27 0.59 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.089 0.072 0.059 0.152 0.887 70
   Savings Account 27 0.46 −0.01 0.03 0.04 0.555 0.425 0.397 0.610 0.128 70
   Checking Account 27 0.23 −0.04 −0.02 −0.02 0.591 0.610 0.575 0.575 0.777 70
   Savings Account 40 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.071 66
   Car Ownership 40 0.50 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.157 66
   Credit Card 40 0.36 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.180 0.279 0.206 0.327 0.737 66
   Checking Account 40 0.39 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.463 0.558 0.491 0.491 0.675 66
   Never on Welfare 16–40 0.82 −0.15 −0.17 −0.19 0.101 0.086 0.028 0.104 0.970 72
   Never on Welfare (Self Rep.) 26–40 0.38 −0.18 −0.18 −0.20 0.058 0.075 0.051 0.147 0.118 64
   >30 Mos. on Welfare 18–27 0.08 −0.01 −0.02 −0.01 0.571 0.482 0.430 0.619 0.087 66
   # Months on Welfare 18–27 6.84 0.59 −0.14 0.37 0.563 0.566 0.517 0.646 0.122 66
   Ever on Welfare 18–27 0.26 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.697 0.635 0.590 0.590 0.074 66
a

Monetary values adjusted to thousands of year-2006 dollars using annual national CPI. p-values below 0.1 are in bold.

b

Unconditional difference in means between the treatment and control groups.

c

Conditional treatment effect with linear covariates Stanford–Binet IQ, Socioeconomic Status index (SES), maternal employment, father’s presence at study entry—this is also the effect for the Freedman–Lane procedure under a full linearity assumption, whose respective p-value is computed in column “Full Lin.”

d

Conditional treatment effect as in the previous column except that SES is replaced with an indicator for SES above/below the median, so that the corresponding p-value is computed in the column “Partial Lin.” This specification generates p-values used in the stepdown procedure.

e

One-sided p-values for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on conditional permutation inference, without orbit restrictions or linear covariates—estimated effect size in the “Uncond.” column.

f

One-sided p-values for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on the Freedman–Lane procedure, without restricting permutation orbits and assuming linearity in all covariates (maternal employment, paternal presence, Socioeconomic Status index (SES), and Stanford–Binet IQ)—estimated effect size in the “conditional effect” column.

g

One-sided p-values for the hypothesis of no treatment effect based on the Freedman–Lane procedure, using the linear covariates maternal employment, paternal presence, and Stanford–Binet IQ, and restricting permutation orbits within strata formed by Socioeconomic Status index (SES) being above or below the sample median and permuting siblings as a block.

h

p-values from the previous column, adjusted for multiple inference using the stepdown procedure.

i

Two-sided p-value for the null hypothesis of no gender difference in mean treatment effects, tested using mean differences between treatments and controls using the conditioning and orbit restriction setup described in footnote f.

j

Age-19 measures are conditional on at least some earnings during the period specified—observations with zero earnings are omitted in computing means and regressions.