Table 2.
Demographic data for subjects in the study groups used in the three analyses.1
| Variable | Exposed | Unexposed | Group DIfferences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AE (with FAS) | AE (without FAS) | AE (All)2 | CON | ADHD | ||
| N | 79 | 117 | 209 | 185 | 74 | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Age | 12.37 (2.83) | 12.71 (2.47) | 12.55 (2.62) | 12.28 (2.70) | 11.37 (2.49) | AE vs. ADHD |
| IQ | 69.15 (17.65) | 78.09 (19.06) | 74.52 (18.90) | 99.12 (18.57) | 95.19 (17.01) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Sex (Female) | 38 (48.1) | 49 (41.9) | 92 (44.0) | 95 (51.4) | 18 (24.3) | AE vs. ADHD |
| Handedness (Right) | 69 (87.3) | 103 (88.0) | 185 (88.5) | 175 (94.6) | 67 (90.5) | |
| Site | ||||||
| Atlanta | 7 | 14 | 21 | 19 | 13 | |
| Los Angeles | 2 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 2 | |
| Plains States | 12 | 10 | 22 | 17 | 10 | |
| New Mexico | 2 | 4 | 12 | 18 | 10 | |
| San Diego | 11 | 37 | 53 | 60 | 39 | |
| South Africa | 45 | 45 | 90 | 61 | 03 | |
| Race (White) | 22 (27.8) | 37 (31.6) | 143 (68.4) | 100 (54.1) | 56 (75.7) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (8.5) | 16 (7.7) | 26 (14.1) | 18 (24.3) | AE/FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| Growth Deficiency4,5 | 55 (69.6) | 52 (44.4) | 107 (54.6) | 30 (19.5) | 7 (13.7) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| Height ≤ 10% | 45 (57.0) | 45 (38.5) | 90 (45.9) | 20 (13.0) | 5 (9.8) | |
| Weight ≤ 10% | 48 (60.8) | 45 (38.5) | 93 (47.4) | 19 (12.3) | 5 (9.8) | |
| Microcephaly (OFC ≤ 10%) | 66 (83.5) | 45 (38.8) | 111 (56.9) | 19 (12.3) | 4 (8.0) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| Structural Abnormality4,6 | 79 (100) | 29 (24.8) | 108 (55.1) | 16 (10.5) | 8 (15.7) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
| PFL ≤ 10% | 61 (77.2) | 24 (20.7) | 85 (43.6) | 10 (6.5) | 3 (6.0) | |
| Smooth | 68 (86.1) | 42 (35.9) | 110 (56.1) | 29 (19) | 11 (21.6) | |
| Philtrum | ||||||
| Thin Vermillion | 71 (89.9) | 33 (28.2) | 104 (53.1) | 26 (17) | 9 (17.6) | |
| Border | ||||||
| FAS Diagnosis | 79 (100) | 0 (0) | 79 (40.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | AE/FAS vs. CON |
| ADHD Diagnosis3 | 19 (57.6) | 40 (62.5) | 65 (60.2) | 0 (0) | 74 (100) | AE/FAS & AE/Non-FAS vs. CON; AE vs. ADHD |
Three sets of analyses were conducted. The first analysis included alcohol-exposed subjects (with FAS) and Control subjects. The second analysis included alcohol-exposed subjects (without FAS) and Control subjects. The third analysis included all alcohol-exposed subjects, and subjects with ADHD.
The AE group includes 13 subjects without dysmorphology data that are not included in either the FAS or non-FAS groups.
Children with ADHD were not recruited at the South African site.
Dysmorphology examinations were conducted on 196 AE subjects, 154 CON subjects, and 51 ADHD subjects. Percentages are calculated using, as the denominator, the total available sample size.
The presence of growth deficiency is defined as height or weight ≤ 10%.
The presence of structural abnormality is defined as two or more of the following facial features: short palpebral fissure length, smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border.