Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of GRACE Participants with New-Onset, Pre-existing, and No Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
| Variable* | New-Onset AF (n=3112) |
P Value (New vs. No) |
Pre-existing AF (n=4494) |
P Value (Pre vs. No) |
No AF (n=51,426) |
P Value (New vs. Pre) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.1 (11.6) | <0.001 | 75.1 (10.4) | <0.001 | 64.5 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1953 (63.0%) | <0.001 | 2723 (60.8%) | <0.001 | 34891 (68.1%) | 0.059 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (5.3) | <0.001 | 27.2 (5.6) | <0.001 | 27.8 (5.4) | 0.45 |
| Hospitalized in United States | 870 (28%) | <0.001 | 1573 (35%) | <0.001 | 11980 (23.3%) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 136.1 (32.5) | <0.001 | 140.2 (31.0) | <0.001 | 141.8 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.0 (19.6) | <0.001 | 77.6 (19.1) | <0.001 | 80.4 (17.7) | 0.32 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 87.9 (27.5) | <0.001 | 86.8 (27.1) | <0.001 | 78.3 (19.9) | 0.02 |
| GRACE Risk Score** | 159.3 (39.2) | <0.001 | 152.9 (36.3) | <0.001 | 128.5 (36.4) | <0.001 |
| LOS (days) | 11.9 (10.9) | <0.001 | 7.7 (7.9) | <0.001 | 7.0 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Medical History | ||||||
| Current Smoker | 1675 (54.0%) | <0.001 | 2112 (47.2%) | <0.001 | 29994 (58.5%) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 1416 (45.6%) | <0.001 | 2730 (61.0%) | <0.001 | 25725 (50.1%) | <0.001 |
| MI | 877 (28.2%) | 0.55 | 1933 (43.2%) | <0.001 | 14738 (28.7%) | <0.001 |
| HF | 396 (12.8%) | <0.001 | 1422 (31.9%) | <0.001 | 4068 (7.9%) | <0.001 |
| PCI | 395 (12.7%) | <0.001 | 979 (21.9%) | <0.001 | 9124 (17.8%) | <0.001 |
| CABG | 267 (8.6%) | <0.001 | 995 (22.2%) | <0.001 | 5984 (11.7%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 864 (27.8%) | <0.001 | 1370 (30.7%) | <0.001 | 12541 (24.4%) | 0.0076 |
| Hypertension | 2035 (65.6%) | <0.001 | 3328 (74.3%) | <0.001 | 31201 (60.8%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1243 (40.1%) | <0.001 | 2214 (49.8%) | 0.24 | 25064 (48.9%) | <0.001 |
| Major bleeding | 45 (1.4%) | 0.002 | 112 (2.5%) | <0.001 | 464 (0.9%) | 0.0016 |
| ACS Type | ||||||
| UA | 508 (16.3%) | <0.001 | 1474 (32.8%) | <0.001 | 15534 (30.2%) | <0.001 |
| NSTEMI | 1077 (34.6%) | 1864 (41.5%) | 16889 (32.8%) | |||
| STEMI | 1527 (49.1%) | 1156 (25.7%) | 19003 (36.9%) | |||
| Killip Class III and IV HF | 361 (11.8%) | <0.001 | 358 (8.2%) | <0.001 | 2048 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 (0.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179.5 (48.4) | <0.001 | 174.6 (48.1) | <0.001 | 192.3 (49.5) | 0.0004 |
| Troponinδ | 36.0 (86.1) | <0.001 | 14.0 (43.7) | <0.001 | 23.1 (66.8) | <0.001 |
| Baseline EF (%) | 45.0 (15.2) | <0.001 | 46.4 (15.7) | <0.001 | 51.0 (14.2) | 0.0002 |
| LBBB | 203 (6.5%) | <0.001 | 421 (9.4%) | <0.001 | 2216 (4.3%) | <0.001 |
*
Mean (± SD), laboratory values obtained from admission
**
GRACE Risk Score is based on patient age, presenting heart rate, systolic blood BP, serum creatinine, Killip class, cardiac arrest on presentation, ST-segment deviation, and cardiac enzymes.23
δ
Maximum value within first 24 hours
BP = blood pressure; BMI=body mass index; LOS = length of stay; MI = myocardial infarction; HF = heart failure; PCI = Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; EF = ejection fraction; LBBB = left bundle branch block