Table 4.

Association between air pollutant and cause-specific mortality in Cape Town, South Africa (cold period ^a, 2001–2006).

		Respiratory disease b		Cardiovascular disease b		Cerebrovascular disease b
Pollutant	Group	N c	% d (95% CI)	N c	% d (95% CI)	N c	% d (95% CI)
PM10	All	5,792	−0.5 (−4.8, 3.9)	8,340	−0.1 (−3.7, 3.6)	3,014	4.1 (−2.0, 10.6)
	Sex
	Women	2,639	−1.8 (−8.0, 4.9)	4,351	−2.0 (−8.8, 5.3)	1,681	7.4 (−5.2, 21.6)
	Men	3,153	0.5 (−5.2, 6.6)	3,988	0.5 (−3.6, 4.8)	1,333	3.0 (−4.0, 10.6)
	Age
	≤60 years	2,575	1.6 (−4.7, 8.4)	2,221	1.4 (−3.6, 6.6)	813	4.6 (−3.5, 13.3)
	>60 years	3,217	−2.2 (−7.9, 3.8)	6,119	−1.8 (−6.8, 3.5)	2,201	3.2 (−5.9, 13.1)
	Distance
	≤10 km	3,039	2.1 (−3.9, 8.4)	5,051	2.4 (−2.3, 7.3)	1,838	1.0 (−6.5, 9.2)
	>10 km	2,753	−3.4 (−9.4, 3.0)	3,289	−4.0 (−9.4, 1.7)	1,176	8.8 (−1.1, 19.8)
NO2	All	5,792	1.9 (−3.3, 7.4)	8,340	0.6 (−3.6, 4.9)	3,014	7.2 (−0.4, 15.3)
	Sex
	Women	2,639	1.4 (−6.3, 9.7)	4,351	−2.1 (−10.4, 7.0)	1,681	14.1 (−1.9, 32.6)
	Men	3,153	2.4 (−4.5, 9.8)	3,988	1.5 (−3.4, 6.6)	1,333	5.1 (−3.5, 14.6)
	Age
	≤60 years	2,575	3.2 (−4.5, 11.4)	2,221	1.9 (−3.9, 8.0)	813	8.5 (−1.6, 19.5)
	>60 years	3,217	0.9 (−6.0, 8.4)	6,119	−0.8 (−6.8, 5.5)	2,201	5.3 (−5.8, 17.7)
	Distance
	≤10 km	3,039	0.6 (−6.4, 8.0)	5,051	4.4 (−1.0, 10.2)	1,838	3.4 (−6.0, 13.7)
	>10 km	2,753	3.5 (−4.2, 11.8)	3,289	−5.4 (−11.7, 1.3)	1,176	13.7 (0.5, 28.7) *
SO2	All	5,792	−1.4 (−6.9, 4.4)	8,340	1.2 (−3.5, 6.0)	3,014	5.3 (−2.9, 14.1)
	Sex
	Women	2,639	−4.8 (−12.6, 3.7)	4,351	1.5 (−7.4, 11.1)	1,681	12.6 (−3.8, 31.9)
	Men	3,153	1.5 (−6.1, 9.6)	3,988	1.0 (−4.4, 6.7)	1,333	2.7 (−6.4, 12.8)
	Age
	≤60 years	2,575	−5.1 (−12.9, 3.5)	2,221	−0.2 (−6.5, 6.6)	813	8.3 (−3.7, 21.9)
	>60 years	3,217	1.6 (−5.9, 9.7)	6,119	2.5 (−4.1, 9.7)	2,201	2.1 (−9.5, 15.3)
	Distance
	≤10 km	3,039	−1.0 (−8.5, 7.1)	5,051	5.4 (−0.8, 11.8)	1,838	2.4 (−7.7, 13.5)
	>10 km	2,753	−1.9 (−9.7, 6.6)	3,289	−5.2 (−12.1, 2.2)	1,176	9.8 (−3.4, 24.8)

^a Cold period: May–August.

^b Adjusted for public holidays, 2-day cumulative averages of 24-h apparent temperature, wind speed and rainfall.

^c Number of deaths included in the models.

^d Percentage increase in risk per interquartile increase in the 2-day cumulative average: 14 µg/m³ PM₁₀, 13 µg/m³ NO₂, 10 µg/m³ SO₂.

* p < 0.05.