Table A1.

Description of observational schedule measurements used in analyses.

Scale variables			Categorical variables
Label	Scale	Scale range	Label	Yes/No
Intoxication *	Intoxication level of people in the venue	0 no sign of intoxication 9 → everyone is drunk	Door staff	Staff managing entrance to the venue
Seating	Proportion of the venue floor space containing seating	0 90% or more → 9 <10%	Queue	There was a queue to enter the venue
			Entrance fee	Entrance fee had to be paid
Noise	Noise level in loudest part of venue	0 very quiet/easy to talk → 9 hurts ears/cannot talk	House rules (entry)	House rules displayed at venue entrance
Crowding a	Crowding at busiest time (exc.dancefloor)	0 lots of space → 9 cannot move	Dance floor	Venue had a designated dance floor area
Movement a	Movement (at busiest time/part of venue)	0 little movement → 9 constant	Pool tables	Venue had pool tables
Ventilation b	Ventilation in the venue	0 extremely fresh → 9 extremely stuffy/stale	TV screens	Television screens g visible in the venue
Lighting b	Level of lighting inside the venue	0 bright/can clearly see → 9 very dark/can hardly see	House rules (venue)	House rules displayed inside the venue
Temperature	Temperature in the venue	0 very cold → 9 very warm	Rock/heavy music	Rock/heavy metal music being played
Clearing c	Clearing of tables/other surfaces e	0 always → 9 never	Rap/hip hop music	Rap or hip hop music being played
Cleanliness c	Extent that indoor premises are kept clean (spills, litter) including the floor	0 always → 9 never	Pop/dance music	Pop or dance music being played
			Alcoholic drink promotions	Cheap drink promotions h offered
Glass on floor	Extent of glass/bottles on venue floorf	0 none → 9 everywhere	Low drinks prices	Drink prices below average for that city i
Toilets	Extent that toilets are kept in order (e.g., locks) and stocked (soap, toilet rolls etc.)	0 clean/fresh/stocked → 9 vandalised/foul	Soft drink promotions	Non-alcoholic drinks promoted j
			Plastic glassware	Drinks served in plastic glasses k
Staff monitoring	To what extent are staff generally monitoring all areas of the venue?	0 constantly monitored → 9 unmonitored	Table service	Drinks served at tables
			Food service	Food available during the observation
Staff coordination	To what extent do staff seem to be coordinated as a team?	0 constant radio or eye contact → 9 not coordinated at all	Fewer bar staff	30 or more customers per bar server
			Young staff	>50% thought to be under age 25
Staff attitude	Are servers cheerful, courteous and friendly (CCF) in a professional way or distant, unfriendly, stern or even rude/obnoxious (DUS)?	0 all were CCF → 9 all were DUS	Male staff	>50% male
			Glass collectors	Glass collectors working in the venue
			Male clientele	>50% clientele were male
Staff boundaries	Extent that servers maintained professional (P) boundaries from patrons	0 all completely P, clear boundaries → all socialising with customers	Young clientele	>50% clientele estimated to be <age 22
			Single sex groups	>50% clientele in single sex groups
Scale variables			Categorical variables
Label	Scale	Scale range	Scale	Label
Permissiveness	Overall decorum /behavioural expectations	0 no offensive/abusive behaviour → 9 anything goes	High alcohol drinks	High alcohol content l drinks most common
			Police outside	Police were outside the venue at entry
Dancing	Proportion of customers dancing	0 <10% → 9 90% or more	Outdoor area	Outdoor eating/drinking/smoking area
Sexual activity d	Sexual activity in venue	0 none → 9 explicit sexual contact	100+ customers	100+ customers in venue at peak time
Sexual competition d	Sexual competition in venue	0 scoping not the focus for anyone → 9 scoping the focus of 76-100%	Later visit	Later 50% of observations (per city)
			Rowdiness	Global rating of rowdiness in the venue	0 none/very rare → 9 out of control

* Main variable of interest. The following variables were strongly correlated and were combined into single scales measured from 0 to 18: ^a Crowding and movement (r = 0.686; cronbach’s alpha 0.813); ^b Ventilation and Lighting (r = 0.607; cronbach’s alpha 0.755); ^c Clearing and Cleanliness (r = 0.788; cronbach’s alpha 0.881); ^d Sexual activity and Sexual competition (r = 0.765; cronbach’s alpha 0.866); ^e Highest rating from two scales covering tables/other surfaces separately; ^f Highest rating from two scales covering glass/bottles separately; ^g Typically showing music videos or venue marketing/promotions; ^h e.g., buy one get one free, free shots; ⁱ Based on spirits or lager depending on which drink was most commonly being consumed in the venue; ^j Including energy drinks; ^k Partly or wholly; ^l High alcohol: spirits/wine, low alcohol: lager/cider/alcopops.