Figure 3.

Two modes of pexophagy. When methylotrophic yeasts are grown in a methanol-containing medium, peroxisomes develop and form a cluster. Transferring the cells to glucose medium induces a process called micropexophagy, whereby the vacuolar membrane begins to enwrap the whole cluster (top). Subsequently, a cup-shaped membrane structure, the MIPA, emerges on the open surface of the peroxisome cluster. Transfer from methanol to an ethanol-containing medium induces a process called macropexophagy, during which, peroxisomes are enclosed in autophagosomes, termed pexophagosomes, and delivered to the vacuole one by one (bottom)