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Retrusive and protrusive tongue force induced by electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve. Stimulation of the XII nerve resulted in retraction of the tongue when the nerve was intact and also following section of the medial branch (XIIMED). Protrusive tongue force was evoked in animals following section of the lateral XII branch (XIILAT). The upward arrow indicates the time that the electrical stimulation was delivered to the XII nerve.
