Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants by baseline energy adjusted quintiles of glycemic load (GL)
| Quintile of GL |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P value | |
| Women (Shanghai Women's Health Study, SWHS) | ||||||
| Number of subjects | 14593 | 14593 | 14593 | 14593 | 14594 | |
| Age (years) | 50.7 ± 8.5 | 51.4 ± 8.7 | 52.1 ± 9.0 | 53.2 ± 9.2 | 55.2 ± 9.2 | <0.0001 |
| Educational level (%) | ||||||
| ≤Elementary school | 9.6% | 13.5% | 18.9% | 24.9% | 39.8% | <0.0001 |
| Middle school | 35.1% | 36.0% | 38.1% | 39.5% | 37.2% | |
| High school | 35.4% | 33.7% | 28.9% | 24.8% | 17.1% | |
| ≥College | 19.9% | 16.8% | 14.1% | 10.8% | 5.9% | |
| Annual family income (%) | ||||||
| <10 000 yuan | 12.5% | 13.2% | 15.1% | 17.5% | 22.0% | <0.0001 |
| 10 000–19 999 yuan | 33.9% | 36.5% | 37.6% | 40.3% | 42.9% | |
| 20 000–29 999 yuan | 29.7% | 29.9% | 29.5% | 27.2% | 24.4% | |
| ≥30 000 yuan | 23.9% | 20.4% | 17.8% | 15.0% | 10.8% | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 2.6% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 3.9% | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 3.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.8% | <0.0001 |
| Post-menopausal (%) | 40.4% | 43.8% | 47.2% | 51.9% | 61.2% | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 3.7 | <0.0001 |
| Exercise (MET hours/week) | 0.8 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 1.6 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1764.4 ± 453.0 | 1635.7 ± 368.7 | 1600.5 ± 341.7 | 1593.3 ± 347.1 | 1775.7 ± 407.0 | <0.0001 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 5.3% | 4.4% | 4.4% | 4.3% | 3.1% | <0.0001 |
| History of hepatitis/chronic liver disease (%) | 3.6% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 0.0039 |
| Family history of liver cancer (%) | 3.2% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7815 |
| Men (Shanghai Men's Health Study, SMHS) | ||||||
| Number of subjects | 12041 | 12041 | 12042 | 12041 | 12042 | |
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 9.6 | 55.5 ± 9.8 | 55.6 ± 9.8 | 55.6 ± 9.9 | 55.2 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 |
| Educational level (%) | ||||||
| ≤Elementary school | 4.1% | 4.8% | 6.5% | 7.9% | 10.2% | <0.0001 |
| Middle school | 29.6% | 29.8% | 32.2% | 35.3% | 40.8% | |
| High school | 37.2% | 36.8% | 36.3% | 35.9% | 34.4% | |
| ≥College | 29.1% | 28.6% | 25.0% | 20.8% | 14.7% | |
| Annual per capita family income (%) | ||||||
| <6000 yuan | 12.1% | 10.3% | 10.9% | 12.4% | 17.7% | <0.0001 |
| 6000–11 999 yuan | 37.8% | 39.6% | 41.9% | 45.2% | 48.9% | |
| 12 000–23 999 yuan | 36.7% | 38.3% | 37.4% | 34.5% | 28.3% | |
| ≥24 000 yuan | 13.5% | 11.9% | 9.9% | 7.9% | 5.2% | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 71.7% | 68.7% | 68.5% | 69.7% | 70.3% | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 45.9% | 37.3% | 33.2% | 28.6% | 23.5% | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | <0.0001 |
| Exercise (MET hours/week) | 1.2 ± 2.3 | 1.0 ± 2.1 | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 0.9 ± 2.0 | 0.8 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2020.0 ± 524.2 | 1823.0 ± 435.0 | 1789.3 ± 439.0 | 1830.0 ± 461.0 | 2073.1 ± 455.8 | <0.0001 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 9.0% | 7.8% | 6.5% | 5.0% | 3.1% | <0.0001 |
| History of hepatitis/chronic liver disease (%) | 6.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 5.7% | 4.6% | <0.0001 |
| Family history of liver cancer (%) | 3.8% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 0.1139 |
Note: Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± the standard deviation.