Table 3.

Perinatal outcomes from the better quality studies (fair and good) comparing DMD-exposed and DMD-unexposed mothers with MS and the level of evidence^a

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; DMD = disease-modifying drug; MS = multiple sclerosis; OR = odds ratio.

^aNo study was rated as excellent. See Tables e-1 and e-2 for detailed level and quality of evidence criteria adapted from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Evidence Evaluation Template. Case series studies were not used to complete this table because of the absence of a suitable control group for comparison. We assumed that p > 0.05 when studies commented in their Results or Discussion sections that there was no difference between the groups but did not specifically provide an OR or p value.

^bLevel of evidence: 3 = prospective cohort study.

^cThis study was probably underpowered (IFN-β n = 69 and GA n = 31)⁶ to adequately assess the risk of congenital anomaly because the incidence is approximately 3% in newborns from the general population.³⁰