Table 2.

Children and caregivers' nutrient intake (mean ± SE) by ethnic group and compared to recommended nutrient intakes for individuals. Means for “Total” are arithmetic means; Means for “Native Hawaiian,” “Filipino,” and “White” are least-squares means computed for each ethnic group after adjusting for age, sex, and food season.

	Child (n=156)					Caregiver (n=156)
Nutrient Intake	Recommended Intake1	Total (N=156)	Native Hawaiian (n=110)	Filipino (n=28)	White (n=18)	Recommended Intake	Total (N=156)	Native Hawaiian ( n=110)	Filipino (n=28)	White (n=18)
Energy, kcal	2000	2195 ± 63	2213 ± 75	2137± 152	2175 ± 188	2200	1956 ± 79	1960 ± 93	1763 ± 185	2232 ± 231
Protein, g	0.76a	75 ± 3	76 ± 3	71 ± 6	73 ± 8	0.66a	76 ± 3	77 ± 4	71 ± 8	76 ± 10
Total Fat, g	ND	80 ± 3	81 ± 3	75± 7	77± 8	ND	76 ± 4	78 ± 4	63 ± 8	82 ± 10
Cholesterol, mg	<300c	273 ± 15	285 ± 19	248± 38	244 ± 47	<300c	320 ± 21	327 ± 25	265 ± 49	363 ± 62
Carbohydrate, g	100	300 ± 10	300± 12	298 ± 24	304 ± 30	100	245 ± 11	240 ± 13	232 ± 25	294 ± 31
Total Fiber, g	28b	13 ± 1	13 ± 1	12 ± 2	15 ± 2	28b	12 ± 1	12 ± 1	12 ± 1	16 ± 2
Calcium, mg	1100	858 ± 46	818 ± 52	831 ± 106	1141 ±131	800	592 ± 39	576 ± 45*	416 ± 89**	964 ± 111
Phosphorus, mg	1055	1177 ± 40	1180 ± 45	1093 ± 92	1285 ± 114	580	1029 ± 45	1033 ± 53	871 ± 106	1253 ± 133
Iron, mg	5.7–5.9	13 ± 1	14 ± 1	12 ± 2	15± 2	6–8.1	12 ± 1	12 ± 1	12 ± 2	13 ± 2
Sodium, mg	1500	3326 ± 139	3367 ± 162	3294 ± 331	3125 ± 409	1500	3200 ± 174	3272 ± 210	2814 ± 417	3365 ± 521
Potassium, mg	4.5	2242 ± 87	2188 ± 103	2179 ± 211	2667 ± 261	4.7	2190 ± 103	2142 ± 120	1916 ± 238	2914 ± 298
Vitamin A RAEs, mcg	420–445	807 ± 55	796 ± 66	712 ± 135	1022 ± 167	500–625	706 ± 52	683 ± 63	634 ± 124	954 ± 156
Riboflavin, mg	0.8	2 ± 0.1	2 ± 0.1	2 ± 0.2	3 ± 0.3	0.9–1.1	2 ± 0.1	2 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.2	2 ± 0.3
Folate DFE, mcg	250	453 ± 27	441 ± 32	397 ± 64	610 ± 79	320	384 ± 21	382 ± 25	293 ± 50	536 ± 62
Vitamin C, mg	39	118 ± 12	120 ± 15	93 ± 30	143 ± 37	60–75	130 ± 12	121 ± 14*	93 ± 28**	248 ± 35
Vitamin D, mcg	10	195 ± 14	182 ± 16	200 ± 32	266 ± 40	10	111 ± 12	118 ± 15	82 ± 30	111 ± 37
% calories from protein	10–30c	14 ± 0.3	14 ± 0.4	14 ± 0.7	13 ± 1	10–35c	16 ± 0.4	14 ± − 0.4	13 ± − 1	14 ± − 1
% calories from fat	25–35c	33 ± 1	33± 1	33 ± 2	31 ± 2	20–35c	35 ± 1	33 ± − 1	32. ± − 2	31 ± − 2
% calories from saturated fat	<10c	11 ± 0.3	11 ± 0.3	11 ± 1	11 ± 1	<10c	11 ± 0.3	11 ± − 0.3	10.8 1	11.2 ± − 1
% calories from carbohydrate	45–65c	54 ± 1	54 ± 1	54 ± 2	57 ± 2	45–65c	50± 1	54 ± −1	55 ± − 2	56 ± − 2

P-values for all pairwise comparisons among the three ethnic groups are adjusted by Tukey's method.

¹Recommended intakes are for 9–13 and 31–50 y, based on the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs, eg, for sodium) or Adequate Intakes (AIs, eg, potassium) (14), percent of calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrates are Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). Recommendations for cholesterol and % of calories from saturated fat are from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines (12).

^aEstimated Average Requirement for protein is 0.76 per kilogram of body weight per day for girls and boys 9–13y, and is 0.66 per kilogram of body weight per day for adults 31–50y.

^b14g/1000 kcal

^cAcceptable Macronutrients Distribution Ranges for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005).

^*Native Hawaiian significantly different from White (P=<0.05).

^**Filipino significantly different from White (P=<0.05).