Table 3. Results for studies on provision of second-line treatment for multidrug-resistant TB.

Appraisal	Total, n = 72
	Major Category	Minor Category
Year of publication
1990–1995	0
1996–2000	4
2001–2005	15
2006–2011	53
Objective
Effects on health outcomes
Evaluation of treatment outcomes of second-line treatment	59
Individualized regimen		42
Standardized regimen		14
Individualized and standardized regimensa		2
Not reported		1
Frequency of and risk factors for adverse effects	17b
Drug resistance amplification, re-infection	1
Delivery	13c
Evaluation of treatment completion and/or adherenced
Comparing interventions for enhancing completion/adherence		5c
Frequency of and risk factors for non-completion or non-adherencee		3
Evaluation of role of nurses in treatment support		1
Description drug ordering system		1
Implementation and coverage of second-line treatment		1
Analysis of treatment enrolment		1
Comparison of methods for treatment monitoring		1
Cost-effectiveness	2f
Study design
Design
Comparative studies	7
Individually randomized trials		2
Group-randomized trials		0
Non-randomized cohort comparisons		3
Before–after comparisons		2
Non-comparative studies	65
Prospective cohort studies		22
Retrospective cohort studies		40
Case-control studies		1
Other		2
Setting
Estimated TB incidence per 100,000 population (2005) [62]	72
<50		8
50–99		18
100–299		36
300+		8
Various		2
Estimated MDR prevalence among new TB patients (1994–2007) [63]	72
<3%		41
3–6%		18
>6%		11
various		2
Study location	72
Research setting		0
DOTS-Plus pilot project		21
Routine—specialized clinic		27
Routine – programmatic		21
Various		3
Generalizability
Study results are generalizable:	72
Irrespective of epidemiological or health care setting		53
To similar epidemiological or health care settings		19
Not beyond national/local setting		0
Other		0
Methods aimed at establishing (relevant studies):	62g
Efficacy		4
Effectiveness		57
Mixed		1

^aStudies covering multiple sites or periods.

^bIncluding eight studies that evaluated treatment outcomes.

^cIncluding two studies that did so by (also) evaluating treatment outcomes.

^dStudies testing a hypothesis about measures to improve treatment completion or adherence.

^eAs specific study objective, no hypothesis testing about measures to improve treatment completion or adherence.

^fAlso addressing treatment outcomes.

^gNumber of studies evaluating effects on health.