Table 2.
Mock circulation results for Fontan with various levels of VIP support. The normal operating range of the pediatric VIP is expected to be approximately 5000-7000 rpm. At higher operational speeds, the VIP produces a significant pressure head, which may only be needed in pediatric Fontan patients with relative pulmonary hypertension. Importantly, VIP stoppage does not alter the cardiac output or cavopulmonary pressures from baseline values.
| Case | VIP speed (RPM) | HR (bpm) | SV (mL) | CO (L/min) | CO % increase | VCP (mmHg) | PAP (mmHg) | CAP (mmHg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fontan baseline | -- | 110 | 20.0 | 2.2 | --- | 9 | 8 | 2 |
| Fontan +VIP | 0 | 110 | 20.1 | 2.2 | --- | 9 | 8 | 2 |
| Fontan + VIP | 3000 | 110 | 20.9 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 9 | 12 | 3 |
| Fontan + VIP | 5000 | 110 | 21.8 | 2.4 | 9.1 | 9 | 13 | 4 |
| Fontan + VIP | 7000 | 110 | 24.1 | 2.65 | 20.4 | 8 | 16 | 5 |
| Fontan + VIP | 9000 | 110 | 24.5 | 2.7 | 22.7 | 8 | 25 | 12 |
| Fontan + VIP | 11000 | 110 | 24.7 | 2.72 | 23.6 | 8 | 37 | 24 |
| Fontan + VIP, VC partial clamp | 11000 | 110 | 19.1 | 2.1 | -4.5 | 5 | 24 | 21 |
HR: heart rate; SV: stroke volume; CO: cardiac output; CO % increase: percent increase from baseline Fontan cardiac output; VCP: vena caval pressure; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; CAP: common atrial pressure.