Table 2.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI |
Individual socio-demographic variables | ||||||
Previous job transition | 1.85*** | (1.66 – 2.06) | 1.81*** | (1.63 – 2.02) | 1.67*** | (1.50 – 1.86) |
Age | 0.96*** | (0.95 – 0.97) | 0.96*** | (0.95 – 0.97) | 0.96*** | (0.95 – 0.97) |
Female gender | 0.48*** | (0.39 – 0.59) | 0.48*** | (0.39 – 0.59) | 0.47*** | (0.38 – 0.58) |
Aboriginal ancestry | 0.76** | (0.63 – 0.93) | 0.76** | (0.62 – 0.93) | 0.80* | (0.66 – 0.98) |
Marital statusb | 1.44*** | (1.19 – 1.73) | 1.42*** | (1.18 – 1.72) | 1.11 | (0.92 – 1.34) |
Educational attainmentc | 1.48** | (1.17 – 1.87) | 1.50** | (1.19 – 1.90) | 1.42** | (1.13 – 1.79) |
Frequent drug use variables (≥ daily vs. <daily) | ||||||
Heroin injectiond | 0.64*** | (0.52 – 0.78) | 0.65*** | (0.54 – 0.80) | 0.79* | (0.65 – 0.97) |
Cocaine injectiond | 0.60*** | (0.48 – 0.74) | 0.63*** | (0.51 – 0.79) | 0.84 | (0.66 – 1.06) |
Speedball injectiond | 0.55** | (0.37 – 0.84) | 0.57** | (0.37 – 0.86) | 0.77 | (0.50 – 1.17) |
Crack used | 0.55*** | (0.44 – 0.68) | 0.54*** | (0.43 – 0.68) | 0.85 | (0.67 – 1.07) |
Individual drug-related risk (yes vs. no) | ||||||
Binge drug used | 0.77* | (0.63 – 0.93) | 0.84 | (0.69 – 1.03) | ||
Non-fatal overdosed | 0.90 | (0.66 – 1.23) | 1.10 | (0.80 – 1.51) | ||
Social, structural and physical environment (yes vs. no) | ||||||
Public injectiond | 0.65** | (0.48 – 0.87) | ||||
Shooting gallery used | 0.74* | (0.56 – 0.98) | ||||
Unstable housingd | 0.58*** | (0.48 – 0.70) | ||||
DTES residencyd,e | 0.46*** | (0.38 – 0.56) | ||||
Sex trade involvementd | 0.37*** | (0.26 – 0.52) | ||||
Recent incarcerationd | 0.71** | (0.58 – 0.87) |
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001;
Models use clustered standard errors to account for multiple observations per respondent;
Married/common law vs. single;
less than high school vs. high school/equivalent or more;
Activities/events in the six months prior to interview;
DTES=Downtown Eastside