Table 2.

Event history analysis predicting transitions into employment by demographic, drug use and risk indicators (n=1579)^a

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variable	Hazard Ratio	95% CI	Hazard Ratio	95% CI	Hazard Ratio	95% CI
Individual socio-demographic variables
Previous job transition	1.85***	(1.66 – 2.06)	1.81***	(1.63 – 2.02)	1.67***	(1.50 – 1.86)
Age	0.96***	(0.95 – 0.97)	0.96***	(0.95 – 0.97)	0.96***	(0.95 – 0.97)
Female gender	0.48***	(0.39 – 0.59)	0.48***	(0.39 – 0.59)	0.47***	(0.38 – 0.58)
Aboriginal ancestry	0.76**	(0.63 – 0.93)	0.76**	(0.62 – 0.93)	0.80*	(0.66 – 0.98)
Marital statusb	1.44***	(1.19 – 1.73)	1.42***	(1.18 – 1.72)	1.11	(0.92 – 1.34)
Educational attainmentc	1.48**	(1.17 – 1.87)	1.50**	(1.19 – 1.90)	1.42**	(1.13 – 1.79)
Frequent drug use variables (≥ daily vs. <daily)
Heroin injectiond	0.64***	(0.52 – 0.78)	0.65***	(0.54 – 0.80)	0.79*	(0.65 – 0.97)
Cocaine injectiond	0.60***	(0.48 – 0.74)	0.63***	(0.51 – 0.79)	0.84	(0.66 – 1.06)
Speedball injectiond	0.55**	(0.37 – 0.84)	0.57**	(0.37 – 0.86)	0.77	(0.50 – 1.17)
Crack used	0.55***	(0.44 – 0.68)	0.54***	(0.43 – 0.68)	0.85	(0.67 – 1.07)
Individual drug-related risk (yes vs. no)
Binge drug used			0.77*	(0.63 – 0.93)	0.84	(0.69 – 1.03)
Non-fatal overdosed			0.90	(0.66 – 1.23)	1.10	(0.80 – 1.51)
Social, structural and physical environment (yes vs. no)
Public injectiond					0.65**	(0.48 – 0.87)
Shooting gallery used					0.74*	(0.56 – 0.98)
Unstable housingd					0.58***	(0.48 – 0.70)
DTES residencyd,e					0.46***	(0.38 – 0.56)
Sex trade involvementd					0.37***	(0.26 – 0.52)
Recent incarcerationd					0.71**	(0.58 – 0.87)

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001;

^aModels use clustered standard errors to account for multiple observations per respondent;

^bMarried/common law vs. single;

^cless than high school vs. high school/equivalent or more;

^dActivities/events in the six months prior to interview;

^eDTES=Downtown Eastside