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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res Bull. 2012 May 27;88(5):534–542. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.05.012

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Maternal behavior in the test cage environment. Top, animals were grouped according to the expression of retrieval behavior. Four out of 5 rats did not retrieve pups and therefore this behavior could not be used to generate timestamps for the neuronal analysis. Middle, rats showed significant amounts of spontaneous pup contact regardless of whether or not they expressed retrieval behavior or other pup-directed behaviors. This pup directed exploratory behavior was used for the neuronal analysis. Bottom, upright movement (upward ‘rearing’ activity) was consistently expressed by animals and was used as a spontaneously expressed control behavior.