Table 3. Prevalence (number and percentage) of misconduct policies and procedures for responding to misconduct allegations in journals from USA and Europe.
| Policy | US journals (n = 220) | European journals (n = 132) | P |
| Mention of misconduct | 158 (71.8) | 94 (71.2) | 0.903 |
| Definition of misconduct | 78 (35.5) | 51 (38.6) | 0.549 |
| Falsification | 67 (30.5) | 37 (28.0) | 0.629 |
| Fabrication | 68 (30.9) | 31 (23.5) | 0.134 |
| Plagiarism | 125 (56.8) | 79 (59.8) | 0.577 |
| Duplication | 135 (61.4) | 85 (64.4) | 0.570 |
| Other criteria of misconduct | 34 (15.5) | 29 (22.0) | 0.123 |
| Image manipulation | 96 (43.6) | 48 (36.4) | 0.168 |
| Plagiarism-checking service | 53 (24.1) | 48 (36.4) | 0.014 |
| Procedures for responding | 95 (43.2) | 65 (49.2) | 0.269 |
| Retraction | 68 (30.9) | 40 (30.3) | 0.905 |
| Expression of concern | 36 (16.4) | 19 (14.4) | 0.622 |