Table 4. Prevalence (number and percentage) of misconduct policies and procedures for responding between journals published by Elsevier or Wiley-Blackwell.

Policy	Elsevier (n = 90)	Wiley-Blackwell (n = 59)	P
Mention of misconduct	69 (76.7)	42 (71.2)	0.453
Definition of misconduct	27 (30.0)	28 (47.5)	0.031
Falsification	11 (12.2)	26 (44.1)	<0.001
Fabrication	8 (8.9)	24 (40.7)	<0.001
Plagiarism	56 (62.2)	34 (57.6)	0.575
Duplication	60 (66.7)	36 (61.0)	0.481
Other criteria of misconduct	16 (17.8)	6 (10.2)	0.200
Image manipulation	31 (35.2)	29 (49.2)	0.092
Plagiarism-checking service	33 (36.7)	10 (16.9)	0.009
Procedures for responding	34 (37.8)	30 (51.7)	0.095
Retraction	25 (27.8)	25 (43.1)	0.054
Expression of concern	11 (12.2)	23 (39.7)	<0.001