Table 2.

Xenobiotics metabolized by the human gut microbiota.

Reaction type	Substrate	Reference
Reduction	Digoxin*	[48]
	Clonazepam	[101]
	Sulindac	[102]
	Sulfasalazine*	[50]
	Prontosil	[103]
	Neoprontosil	[103]
	Balsalazine	[104]
	Olsalazine	[51]
	Nitrazepam	[105]
	Clonazepam	[101]
	Sulfinpyrazone	[102]
	Sulindac	[102]
	Omeprazole	[106]
	Metronidazole	[107]
	Misonidazole	[108]
	Zonisamide	[109]
Hydrolysis	Nitroglycerin	[110]
	Sodium picosulphate	[2]
	Carbenoxolone	[111]
	Methotrexate	[112]
	Morphine glucuronide	[113]
	Sennosides	[114]
	Sorivudine	[115]
	Lactulose	[116]
Functional group removal	Flucytosine	[117]
	Methamphetamine	[118]
	Levodopa*	[54]
	Phenacetin	[119]
	Succinylsulfathiazole	[2]
N-oxide cleavage	Ranitidine	[120]
	Nizatidine	[121]
Proteolysis	Insulin	[122]
	Calcitonin	[122]
Denitration	Isosorbide dinitrate	[123]
	Glyceryl trinitrate	[110]
Deconjugation	Indomethacin	[124]
	Irinotecan**	[125]
Amine formation/amide hydrolysis	Chloramphenicol	[126]
Thiazole ring-opening	Levamisole	[127]
Acetylation	5-Aminosalicyclic acid	[128]
Isoxazole scission	Risperidone	[129]
Other	Azetirelin	[130]
	Potassium oxonate	[131]
	Hesperidin	[132]

^*See Figure 2 for more details.

^**See Figure 3 for more details.