Figure 1.

Simulation of the transmononasal sphenoid sinus approach (large pituitary adenoma model). (a and b) Exploration and exposure of the sphenoid sinus opening; the "boat head" sign was seen, which was consistent with the intraoperative finding. (c and d) A sphenoid sinus septum was seen in the sphenoid sinus cavity, which was consistent with the intraoperative finding. (e and f) The tumor was visible after the sellar floor was opened, and the observation angle could be adjusted to guide the extent of the sellar floor opening (VR: Pink - tumor ; Red - the internal carotid artery; Yellow - bone mass; White - the optic nerve; Brown - soft tissue ).