Table 3. Mean differences in lung function and percent low attenuation area (%LAA) by renal function, as measured by urine albumin excretion (UAE) categories defined by albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR).

	Urine Albumin Excretion				P-value
	None	High normal	Micro-albuminuria	Macro-albuminuria
	N = 2802	N = 396	N = 394	N = 35
FEV1,mL
Model 1†	0	−79	−106	−109	<0.0001
Model 2‡	0	−80	−97	−108	0.0002
Model 3§	0	−58	−70	−49	0.0006
FEV1/FVC,% *
Model 1†	0	−0.6	−0.7	1.1	0.18
Model 2‡	0	−0.6	−0.5	1.1	0.65
Model 3§	0	−0.5	−0.7	0.5	0.12
LAA, %
Model 1†	0	−0.3	−2.1	−1.2	0.0022
Model 2‡	0	−0.4	−2.1	−1.5	0.24
Model 3§	0	−0.1	−1.3	−0.3	0.11

Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CI = confidence interval.

Definitions: 1) High normal urine albumin excretion: ACR 9–16.9 mg/g in men and 13–24.9 mg/g in women; 2) Microalbuminuria: ACR 17–250 mg/g in men and 25–354.9 mg/g in women; and 3) Macroalbuminuria: ACR ≥250 mg/g in men and ≥355 mg/g in women.

^*Includes 17 fewer participants than FEV₁ analysis.

^†Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, height, waist and hip circumference and, for CT analyses, CT scanner type.

^‡Model 2: Adjusted for all the variables in model 1 plus cigarette smoking status, cigarette pack years and urine cotinine.

^§Model 3: Adjusted for all the variables in model 2 plus cigar-years, pipe-years, environmental tobacco exposure, occupational exposure to dust, asthma before age 45, family history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, C reactive protein, fibrinogen, aspirin use, beta blocker use, angiotensin II receptor blocker and/or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use, statin use, diuretic use, hormone replacement therapy use, bronchodilator use, oral or inhaled steroid use.