A total of 200 surface-sterilized seeds of each transgenic line, WT or VC germinated on MS medium containing 0 (A, a) or 300 mM (B, b) mannitol for 12 d, and the germination rate was calculated. A, B are photos of the first 12 days after germination on mediums. The WT, VC and transgenic lines were cultured in MS medium under a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle at 25°C for one week, and then the seedlings were transplanted to MS or MS supplied with 150 or 300 mM mannitol for one week. The photographs were taken (C, D, E) and root length was calculated (F). Vertical bars indicate ±SE calculated from four replicates. Asterisks indicate significant difference between the WT and the three transgenic lines (*p<0.05; **p<0.01). Three biological experiments were performed, which produced similar results.