Table 1. Caracteristics of the study subject at baseline surveya.
| Male | Pre-menopausal female | Post-menopausal female | ||||
| N | 146 | 99 | 212 | |||
| Age (y) | 57.1 | (8.9) | 44.8 | (5.3) | 60.5 | (5.8) |
| Body height (cm) | 165.8 | (6.5) | 155.4 | (4.9) | 151.9 | (5.7) |
| Body weight (kg) | 64.9 | (8.7) | 54.9 | (9.7) | 50.9 | (7.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 | (2.7) | 22.7 | (3.9) | 22.0 | (2.8) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | ||||||
| Including ethanol | 2157.4 | (473.8) | 1913.7 | (437.5) | 1940.5 | (443.2) |
| Excluding ethanol | 2017.7 | (452.2) | 1898.2 | (441.6) | 1928.0 | (443.1) |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 521.3 | (219.3) | 584.6 | (190.8) | 642.1 | (232.2) |
| Potassium intake (mg/day) | 2481.0 | (824.5) | 2512.2 | (774.2) | 2871.1 | (860.7) |
| Magnesium intake (mg/day) | 270.3 | (72.5) | 244.5 | (66.1) | 278.4 | (72.6) |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/day)b | 126.3 | (115.3–138.4) | 115.4 | (104.7–127.2) | 170.6 | (161.0–180.8) |
| Vitamin D intake (µg/day)b | 4.9 | (4.4–5.5) | 5.1 | (4.5–5.7) | 6.3 | (5.8–6.8) |
| Vitamin E intake (mg/day)b | 7.4 | (7.0–7.9) | 7.6 | (7.2–8.1) | 8.0 | (7.7–8.3) |
| Serum carotenoid concentrations (µmol/L)b | ||||||
| Lutein | 0.45 | (0.43–0.47) | 0.47 | (0.44–0.50) | 0.56 | (0.53–0.58) |
| Lycopene | 0.31 | (0.28–0.33) | 0.46 | (0.42–0.50) | 0.38 | (0.35–0.40) |
| α-Carotene | 0.13 | (0.12–0.14) | 0.20 | (0.18–0.22) | 0.22 | (0.20–0.24) |
| β-Carotene | 0.58 | (0.53–0.65) | 0.90 | (0.81–1.01) | 1.16 | (1.09–1.24) |
| β-Cryptoxanthn | 1.26 | (1.09–1.45) | 1.05 | (0.91–1.22) | 1.80 | (1.64–1.98) |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.19 | (0.18–0.20) | 0.20 | (0.19–0.21) | 0.21 | (0.20–0.21) |
| Current tobacco use (%) | 25.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | |||
| Exercise habits (%)c | 21.2 | 14.1 | 17.9 | |||
| Regular alcohol intake (%)c | 58.9 | 16.2 | 13.2 | |||
| Current supplement use (%) | 3.4 | 14.1 | 9.0 | |||
a
Data are mean (standard deviation), geometric mean (95% confidence interval), range, or percent.
b
These variables were represented as original scale after analysis by log (natural) transformed values.
c
> = 1 times/wk.