Table 3. Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of tertiles of baseline serum carotenoid concentration on osteoporosis in post-menopausal Japanese female subjects.

Serum carotenoids		N	Mean and range of serum carotenoid (µmol/L)		Case	Model 1			Model 2
						OR	95% CI	P for trend	OR	95% CI	P for trend
Lutein	Lowest (T1)	60	0.38	(0.23–0.47)	6	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	66	0.56	(0.49–0.63)	6	0.69	(0.19–2.51)		0.47	(0.10–2.13)
	Highest (T3)	61	0.78	(0.65–2.11)	5	0.53	(0.14–2.05)	0.356	0.54	(0.11–2.60)	0.433
Lycopene	Lowest (T1)	59	0.23	(0.07–0.32)	7	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	61	0.38	(0.34–0.45)	4	0.71	(0.17–2.97)		0.57	(0.11–2.81)
	Highest (T3)	67	0.62	(0.47–1.06)	6	0.91	(0.25–3.37)	0.890	0.58	(0.14–2.51)	0.481
α-Carotene	Lowest (T1)	67	0.13	(0.07–0.17)	7	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	56	0.21	(0.19–0.22)	5	0.80	(0.22–2.94)		0.64	(0.13–3.09)
	Highest (T3)	64	0.38	(0.24–2.74)	5	0.76	(0.20–2.94)	0.694	0.71	(0.14–3.68)	0.733
β-Carotene	Lowest (T1)	61	0.69	(0.35–0.91)	9	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	64	1.17	(0.95–1.42)	4	0.32	(0.08–1.28)		0.26	(0.05–1.24)
	Highest (T3)	62	1.91	(1.43–3.37)	4	0.30	(0.08–1.13)	0.071	0.24	(0.05–1.21)	0.082
β-Cryptoxanthin	Lowest (T1)	62	0.81	(0.24–1.41)	9	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	63	1.87	(1.43–2.39)	7	0.83	(0.24–2.90)		0.63	(0.16–2.42)
	Highest (T3)	62	3.60	(2.41–10.53)	1	0.08	(0.01–0.75)	0.021	0.07	(0.01–0.88)	0.034
Zeaxanthin	Lowest (T1)	56	0.15	(0.09–0.18)	8	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	64	0.20	(0.19–0.21)	5	0.50	(0.14–1.84)		0.50	(0.12–2.04)
	Highest (T3)	67	0.26	(0.23–0.37)	4	0.36	(0.09–1.38)	0.130	0.35	(0.08–1.52)	0.149

Model 1: Age, weight, height, years since menopause, current tobacco use, regular alcohol intake, exercise habits, supplement use, and total energy intake were adjusted.

Model 2: Intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins D, C, and E were further adjusted.