Table 4. Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of tertiles of baseline serum carotenoid concentration on osteopenia and/or osteoprosis in post-menopausal Japanese female subjects.

Serum carotenoids		n	Mean and range of serum carotenoid (µmol/L)		Case	Model 1			Model 2
						OR	95% CI	P for trend	OR	95% CI	P for trend
Lutein	Lowest (T1)	47	0.39	(0.28–0.47)	8	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	45	0.55	(0.49–0.62)	9	1.48	(0.46–4.68)		1.50	(0.45–5.01)
	Highest (T3)	48	0.74	(0.63–1.14)	10	1.29	(0.41–4.08)	0.676	1.62	(0.47–5.56)	0.445
Lycopene	Lowest (T1)	48	0.24	(0.07–0.34)	7	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	46	0.40	(0.35–0.46)	10	1.61	(0.52–5.00)		2.04	(0.61–6.83)
	Highest (T3)	46	0.66	(0.50–1.06)	10	1.54	(0.46–5.13)	0.481	1.57	(0.42–5.90)	0.480
α-Carotene	Lowest (T1)	46	0.13	(0.07–0.17)	8	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	46	0.21	(0.19–0.24)	9	1.18	(0.39–3.54)		1.55	(0.46–5.18)
	Highest (T3)	48	0.39	(0.26–2.75)	10	0.89	(0.29–2.73)	0.806	0.97	(0.28–3.31)	0.889
β-Carotene	Lowest (T1)	47	0.70	(0.35–0.97)	9	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	47	1.23	(0.99–1.45)	10	0.78	(0.26–2.36)		0.87	(0.28–2.73)
	Highest (T3)	46	1.94	(1.50–3.36)	8	0.56	(0.18–1.76)	0.324	0.58	(0.18–1.91)	0.378
β-Cryptoxanthin	Lowest (T1)	46	0.85	(0.24–1.45)	14	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	47	1.95	(1.50–2.44)	6	0.22	(0.07–0.76)		0.18	(0.05–0.67)
	Highest (T3)	47	3.78	(2.47–10.51)	7	0.29	(0.09–0.96)	0.037	0.28	(0.08–0.99)	0.035
Zeaxanthin	Lowest (T1)	41	0.15	(0.11–0.18)	7	1.00			1.00
	Middle (T2)	50	0.20	(0.19–0.21)	11	1.40	(0.44–4.42)		1.52	(0.46–4.99)
	Highest (T3)	49	0.26	(0.23–0.37)	9	1.28	(0.40–4.14)	0.697	1.42	(0.41–4.91)	0.593

Model 1: Age, weight, height, years since menopause, current tobacco use, regular alcohol intake, exercise habits, supplement use, and total energy intake were adjusted.

Model 2: Intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins D, C, and E were further adjusted.