Table 1. Characteristics by non-milk dairy products and milk consumption for 3,679 adolescents from Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” birth cohort (column %, available case analysis).
| Dairy products consumption during past week | Milk consumption during past week | |||||||||||
| Characteristics | n | None | 1–3 times | 4–6 times | Daily | P-value | n | None | 1–3 times | 4–6 times | Daily | P-value |
| BMI z-score at 11years | ||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.21(1.3) | 0.24(1.3) | 0.21(1.2) | 0.28(1.2) | 0.625 | 0.24(1.3) | 0.22(1.3) | 0.26(1.3) | 0.26(1.3) | 0.893 | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1,862 | 55.1 | 50.0 | 53.4 | 48.0 | 0.013 | 1,859 | 55.2 | 52.4 | 49.0 | 45.3 | <0.001 |
| Male | 1,760 | 44.9 | 50.0 | 46.6 | 52.0 | 1,752 | 44.8 | 47.6 | 51.0 | 54.7 | ||
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1,694 | 46.4 | 46.3 | 47.9 | 54.7 | 0.008 | 1,648 | 46.7 | 45.0 | 53.1 | 52.9 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 1,464 | 42.7 | 43.9 | 40.5 | 36.6 | 1,461 | 41.7 | 43.9 | 38.3 | 39.7 | ||
| ≥3 | 355 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 11.6 | 8.7 | 358 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 7.4 | ||
| Maternal age at birth | ||||||||||||
| ≤24 | 328 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 6.6 | 0.007 | 328 | 10.6 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 7.8 | 0.196 |
| 25–29 | 1,103 | 33.3 | 32.2 | 29.0 | 28.4 | 1,094 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 32.6 | 28.2 | ||
| 30–34 | 1,408 | 36.6 | 40.1 | 42.5 | 43.0 | 1,409 | 38.9 | 40.2 | 40.7 | 41.8 | ||
| ≥35 | 680 | 18.7 | 18.5 | 18.9 | 22.0 | 678 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 17.5 | 22.2 | ||
| Mother’s birthplace | ||||||||||||
| Mainland China orelsewhere | 1,323 | 44.7 | 35.4 | 29.9 | 32.1 | <0.001 | 1,310 | 40.4 | 35.2 | 32.2 | 34.0 | 0.003 |
| Hong Kong | 2,285 | 55.3 | 64.6 | 70.1 | 67.9 | 2,288 | 59.6 | 64.8 | 67.8 | 66.0 | ||
| Highest parental education | ||||||||||||
| ≤Grade 9 | 1,028 | 34.4 | 28.8 | 22.6 | 22.7 | <0.001 | 1,028 | 33.5 | 28.5 | 24.2 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
| Grade 10–11 | 1,548 | 43.6 | 43.3 | 32.1 | 40.8 | 1,542 | 43.5 | 44.8 | 41.4 | 40.4 | ||
| ≥Grade 12 | 1,046 | 22.0 | 27.9 | 35.3 | 36.5 | 1,041 | 24.0 | 26.7 | 34.4 | 37.3 | ||
| Household income per head in quintiles (mean±SD) | ||||||||||||
| 1st (HK$1751±413) | 584 | 22.6 | 17.8 | 17.4 | 13.2 | <0.001 | 582 | 21.0 | 18.4 | 15.0 | 14.9 | <0.001 |
| 2nd (HK$2856±325) | 623 | 23.8 | 19.0 | 16.5 | 15.7 | 620 | 21.8 | 19.8 | 16.7 | 16.0 | ||
| 3rd (HK$4362±556) | 636 | 18.1 | 22.2 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 630 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 17.5 | ||
| 4th (HK$6822±886) | 672 | 19.3 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 23.2 | 668 | 20.3 | 20.8 | 21.3 | 21.8 | ||
| 5th (HK$14850±16050) | 696 | 16.2 | 20.1 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 696 | 16.6 | 20.6 | 26.7 | 29.8 | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| <1 hour a day | 2,281 | 73.9 | 72.1 | 66.0 | 67.1 | 0.003 | 2,278 | 71.5 | 73.1 | 67.9 | 67.5 | 0.042 |
| ≥1 hour a day | 941 | 26.1 | 27.9 | 34.0 | 32.9 | 939 | 28.5 | 26.9 | 32.1 | 32.5 | ||
| Vegetable consumption during past week | ||||||||||||
| None | 69 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 69 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 times | 329 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 4.4 | 324 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 6.1 | ||
| 4–6 times | 416 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 6.7 | 410 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 11.4 | 7.3 | ||
| Daily | 2,792 | 75.3 | 74.1 | 75.4 | 87.9 | 2,790 | 74.8 | 75.8 | 79.8 | 84.1 | ||
| Fruit consumption during past week | ||||||||||||
| None | 131 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 2.9 | <0.001 | 132 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 times | 972 | 30.6 | 28.6 | 25.1 | 19.8 | 966 | 30.8 | 26.2 | 23.0 | 23.5 | ||
| 4–6 times | 667 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 24.6 | 11.3 | 656 | 17.3 | 21.8 | 23.6 | 11.7 | ||
| Daily | 1,841 | 46.3 | 47.4 | 48.2 | 66.0 | 1,843 | 47.4 | 49.5 | 49.9 | 60.5 | ||
| Soft drink consumption during past week | ||||||||||||
| None | 1,185 | 37.8 | 30.1 | 29.4 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 1,190 | 36.1 | 29.7 | 30.5 | 35.2 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 times | 1,827 | 48.0 | 53.8 | 50.4 | 49.0 | 1,819 | 48.1 | 54.8 | 51.0 | 48.1 | ||
| 4–6 times | 338 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 11.9 | 8.7 | 339 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 13.2 | 7.7 | ||
| Daily | 244 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 242 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 9.0 | ||