Figure 5. Effect of HIV-1 infection on the production of Th1, Th17, and Th2 cytokines by FOXP3+ non-Tregs.

The cell sorting strategy to obtain FOXP3+ non-Tregs from HD was described in Figure 2. Sorted FOXP3+ non-Tregs from HD were activated with PHA for 2 days and then infected with CCR5-using HIV-1 BaL. At day 9, cells were re-stimulated with PMA/iono for 5 h, and the production of cytokines was evaluated in cell supernatants by using a Bioplex system. Results are the mean ± SEM of 5 independent experiments. * p<0.05, NS = not significant.