Table 1. Results of shorebird community PERMANOVA analyses testing for significance of variation among tidal flats.
| Tidal Stage | |||||
| Factors & Pairwise Comparisons | Statistic | Mid Ebb | Late Ebb | Low | |
| Factor | FLAT | pseudo-F | 7.702 | 17.635 | 17.827 |
| P | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| DATE | pseudo-F | 1.186 | 1.077 | 1.205 | |
| P | 0.347 | 0.374 | 0.252 | ||
| FLAT×DATE | excluded | excluded | excluded | ||
| DF | 1,7,15 | 3,7,26 | 3,12,47 | ||
| Pairwise Comparisons | SE–BR | pseudo-t | 2.775 | 4.761 | 4.900 |
| P | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| SE–TC | pseudo-t | … | 4.429 | 4.388 | |
| P | … | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||
| BR–TC | pseudo-t | … | 4.996 | 3.368 | |
| P | … | 0.001 | 0.004 | ||
| IS–SE | pseudo-t | … | 19.302 | 4.519 | |
| P | … | 0.003† | 0.001† | ||
| IS–BR | pseudo-t | … | 4.685 | 3.852 | |
| P | … | 0.016† | 0.001 | ||
| IS–TC | pseudo-t | … | 4.184 | 2.997 | |
| P | … | 0.048† | 0.001 | ||
PERMANOVA analyses used a randomized block design, and tidal stages were analyzed individually. Resulting P-values were obtained by permutation unless otherwise noted. Ellipses (…) indicate no data (flat pairs not exposed at that tidal stage). DF, degrees of freedom (Flat, Date, Total); BR, Broad Flat; IS, Island Flat; SE, Semi-Enclosed Flat; TC, Tidal Creek Flat.
†
P-values were obtained using Monte Carlo sampling because low sample size did not yield enough possible permutations to get a reasonable test using the permutation method.