Table 1.

Summary of memory enhancement effects presented in the present review, including species and tasks tested.

Name	Species	Tasks	Relevant References
CREB-C/EBP Pathway
CREB	Aplysia	Synaptic facilitation	24
	Drosophila	Conditioned odor avoidance	25
Downstream	Rodent	Fear potentiated startle, water maze	26,27
C/EBP
	Aplysia	Synaptic Facilitation	29
	Rodent	MWM	30
IGF-II	Rodent	IA, CFC, Extinction	36,89
Upstream
MAPK			31
PKA			31
cAMP			31
Calcineurin	Aplysia	Tail-shock sensitization	34
	Rodent	nOR, MWM, radial arm maze	33
PDE4	Rodent	CFC	35
Synaptic Remodeling
NMDA
	Rodent	nOR, AFC, CFC, Extinction, MWM	39,47
		working memory	40
D-Cycloserine	Human	FC (cued fear conditioning)	46
AMPA
Ampakines	Rodent	AFC	52
	NHP	Delayed-non-match-to-Sample	52
	Human	Delayed Recall	52
PKMzeta	Rodent	Conditioned Taste Aversion	50
Arc	Rodent	IA	36,56
CNF1	Rodent	MWM, AFC	58
NCAM	Rodent	MWM, AFC	59
Neuromodulation
Dopamine	Rodent	IA, nOR, Sptial working memory	66,67
	NHP	Delayed-non-match-to-sample	64
Glucocorticoids
Corticosteroid	Rodents	IA, nOR	69,72
	Humans	Cued-fear conditioning	69
Noradrenaline	Rodents	AFC, IA	73
Amphetamines
Methylphenidate	Humans	Delayed Recall, Spatial working memory, Sustained Attention	10,75,76
Acetylcholine	Rodent	MWM, Radial Arm Maze	77
Donepezil	Human	cognitive scales and examinations	78
Endogenous
Glucose	Rodent	IA	84
	Human	Verbal Episodic Memory	83
Insulin	Rodent	Radial Arm Maze	85
	Human	Delayed score recall	86,87
Behavioral
Reconsolidation	Rodent	IA, AFC, CFC	28,98,99,100
Exercise	Rodent	MWM, IA, nOR	94