Table 3.

Mixed-effect ANCOVA showing differences in phenological onset dates (beginning of flowering, full flowering, and end of flowering) between treatments [control (co), advanced snowmelt (ad), delayed snowmelt (de), and drought (dr)] for the higher part (1300–2000 m) of the altitudinal gradient. Numbers in bold are significant (P <0.05). NA data not available. Mean onset dates are derived as adjusted means from the model. Tukey’s HSD was conducted for multiple comparisons if the model was significant; letters indicate a significant difference between respective treatments.

	Beginning of flowering					Full flowering					End of flowering
	P	co	ad	de	dr	P	co	ad	de	dr	P	co	ad	de	dr
Alchemilla vulgaris L.		160	154	166	161		170	161	172	169		187	187	189	185
	0.005	a	a b c	b	c	0.028	a	a b c	b	c	0.255
Briza media L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Campanula scheuchzeri Vill.		209	211	213	207		210	211	214	207		216	219	225	217
	0.122					0.123					<0.001	a	b	a b c	c
Dactylis glomerata L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Lotus corniculatus L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA		202	200	200	202
											0.242
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch		179	173	183	178		180	175	184	181		NA	195	200	192
	0.318					0.192					0.036		a	b	a b
Prunella vulgaris L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Ranunculus acris L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Ranunculus montanus Willd.		169	153	168	171		170	158	171	176		178	170	181	179
	0.092					0.005	a	a b c	b	c	0.006	a	a b c	b	c
Trifolium pratense L.	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA		199	196	201	198		210	207	211	210
						0.610					0.410