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. 2012 Dec 14;4(12):1482–1499. doi: 10.3390/toxins4121482

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Nodularin-induced apoptosis in primary hepatocytes. Primary hepatocytes in suspension were exposed to 5 µM (●) or 200 nM (○) nodularin (A). The unexposed hepatocytes appeared round with a smooth cell surface (B), whilst nodularin-exposed (5 µM) hepatocytes showed profound apoptotic-related budding (C). Control cells also had and with a cortical actin cytoskeleton (D) which was reorganized after nodularin exposure (E). Cell death was determined based on the appearance of apoptotic-related morphology. Values are the mean +/− S.E.M. of 3–5 separate experiments. Actin filaments were detected using rhodamin-conjugated phalloidin. Nuclei are stained with DAPI. Bars, 20 μm.