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. 2012 Dec 14;4(12):1517–1534. doi: 10.3390/toxins4121517

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

PBMC proliferation after PHA/IL-2 activation and VT or VT subunit treatment. VT was added to lymphocytes after isolation and remained present during PHA/IL-2 activation. Cell proliferation was measured on day 4 using alamarBlue^® fluorescent dye indicator assay. (a) VT1 (▼), VT1A (♦) titration of percentage proliferation compared to no VT control; (b) PBMC samples were collected from 4 different donors and activated in the presence of 1 µg/mL VT1, VT1A or VT1B. Cell number was determined on day 4. (c) Cytotoxcity titration curve using VT sensitive Gb₃⁺ THP-1 monocytic cell line: VT1 (♦), VT1A (■) or VT1B (●). The toxicity of the VT1A indicates a maximum holotoxin contamination of 1/50,000.