Table 1.

Summary of cytokine induction by avian H5N1 IAV and comparison with H3N2 and H1N1 human IAV in human cell experimental models.

	Cell culture system	IAV subtype	Cytokine induction	Genes up-regulated	Refs.
Non-immune cells	HTBE (non polarized)	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN-β, IP-10, RANTES, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8	[46]
	Primary BECs	H5N1 vs H3N2	Attenuated in H5N1	IFN, PKR, RIG-I	[45]
	Calu-3	H5N1 vs H3N2	Attenuated in H5N1	IFN, PKR, RIG-I	[45]
	Polarized HTBE	H5N1 vs H3N2	Attenuated in H5N1	IFN-β, ISGs	[51]
	Polarized Calu-3	H5N1 vs H3N2	Attenuated in H5N1	IFN-β, ISGs	[51]
	Polarized HTBE	H5N1 vs H1N1	Attenuated in H5N1	IFN-β	[50]
	HTBE (non polarized)	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN-β	[50]
	Primary Type I pneumocytes	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN, IP-10, RANTES, IL-6	[49]
	Primary Type II pneumocytes	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN-β, IP-10, RANTES, IL-6	[46]
	HMVEC (Primary endothelial cells)	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN-β, IL-7, TNF, CCL2	[52]
	HUVEC (Primary endothelial cells)	H5N1 and H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	IFN-β, ISGs	[53]
	HTBE (non polarized)	H5N1	Induction of IP-10	IP-10	[18]
	HMVEC (Primary endothelial cells)	H5N1	Induction of IP-10	IP-10	[18]
Immune cells	hMDMs	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	TNF-α, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-αβ, and TRAIL	[54]
	hMDMs	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H5N1 infected cells	RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3, IFN-β, TNF-α, IP-10	[55]
	hMDMs	H5N1 and H1N1 or H3N2	Higher in H5N1 than H1N1/H3N2 infected cells	NF α, IFN-α/β,IL-1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES, IL-12	[56]
	hMDMs	H5N1 and H1N1 or H3N2	Higher in H5N1/H3N1 than in H1N1 infected cells	TNF α, IL-6, MIP-1α, IP-10	[57]
	hMDMs	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H1N1 infected cells	TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1,IFN-α, MCP-1	[58]
	hMDMs	H5N1 vs H1N1	Higher in H1N1 infected cells	TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IP-10	[59]
	MDDCs, mDCs and pDCs	H5N1		IFN-α, TNF-α	[60]
	pDCs	H5N1 and H1N1 or H3N2	Higher in H5N1 than H1N1/H3N2 infected cells	IFN-α, TNF-α	[61]