Table 2.
Summary of meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses (random-effects) by region of interest
| Analysis | No. study group comparisons | Sample size: EG/CG | Heterogeneity (Q, p-value) | Inconsis-tency (I2) | WMD, 95% CI | Test of null (Z value, p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All included trials | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 22 | 769/571 | Q = 44.0, p = 0.002 | I2 = 52.2 | 0.011 g/cm2, 0.003 to 0.020 | Z = 2.630, p = 0.007 |
| Femoral neck | 19 | 651/541 | Q = 49.4, p < 0.001 | I2 = 63.6 | 0.016 g/cm2, 0.005 to 0.027 | Z = 2.907, p = 0.004 |
| Final means | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 22 | 769/571 | Q = 42.5, p = 0.004 | I2 = 50.6% | 0.016 g/cm2, −0.004 to 0.036 | Z = 1.593, p = 0.111 |
| Femoral neck | 19 | 651/541 | Q = 43.2, p = 0.001 | I2 = 58.3% | 0.020 g/cm2, 0.003 to 0.037 | Z = 2.276, p = 0.023 |
| Only females | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 17 | 575/467 | Q = 44.3, p < 0.001 | I2 = 63.9% | 0.012 g/cm2, 0.002 to 0.022 | Z = 2.259, p = 0.024 |
| Femoral neck | 16 | 540/478 | Q = 44.7, p < 0.001 | I2 = 66.5% | 0.014 g/cm2, 0.003 to 0.025 | Z = 2.485, p = 0.013 |
| Sessions ≥3 dwk | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 18 | 638/446 | Q = 39.8, p = 0.001 | I2 = 57.3% | 0.013 g/cm2, 0.004 to 0.022 | Z = 2.795, p = 0.005 |
| Femoral neck | 16 | 532/422 | Q = 42.1, p < 0.001 | I2 = 64.4% | 0.016 g/cm2, 0.005 to 0.028 | Z = 2.762, p = 0.006 |
| No supplements | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 14 | 410/308 | Q = 32.3, p = 0.002 | I2 = 59.7% | 0.018 g/cm2, −0.003 to 0.039 | Z = 1.671, p = 0.095 |
| Femoral neck | 13 | 385/326 | Q = 38.2, p < 0.001 | I2 = 68.6% | 0.022 g/cm2, 0.001 to 0.044 | Z = 2.063, p = 0.039 |
| Total sample size ≥50 | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 13 | 631/463 | Q = 26.3, p = 0.010 | I2 = 54.3% | 0.015 /cm2, 0.006 to 0.025 | Z = 3.116, p = 0.002 |
| Femoral neck | 8 | 443/405 | Q = 33.0, p < 0.001 | I2 = 78.8% | 0.024 g/cm2, 0.009 to 0.039 | Z = 3.164, p = 0.002 |
| Combined loading | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 6 | 362/296 | Q = 4.5, p = 0.482 | I2 = 0% | 0.016 g/cm2, 0.002 to 0.030 | Z = 2.203, p = 0.028 |
| Femoral neck | 4 | 269/248 | Q = 7.9, p = 0.048 | I2 = 62.0% | 0.014 g/cm2, −0.011 to 0.040 | Z = 1.109, p = 0.268 |
| Low-impact | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 5 | 218/132 | Q = 1.2, p = 0.876 | I2 = 0% | 0.009 g/cm2, −0.020 to 0.024 | Z = 1.283, p = 0.200 |
| Femoral neck | 2 | 125/85 | Q = 0.6, p = 0.904 | I2 = 0% | 0.002 g/cm2, −0.048 to 0.045 | Z = 0.182, p = 0.856 |
| Odd-impact | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 4 | 75/76 | Q = 24.0, p < 0.001 | I2 = 87.5% | 0.039 g/cm2, 0.002 to 0.075 | Z = 2.075, p = 0.038 |
| Femoral neck | 4 | 143/141 | Q = 24.3, p < 0.001 | I2 = 83.5% | 0.036 g/cm2, 0.012 to 0.061 | Z = 2.883, p = 0.004 |
| RE | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 7 | 114/67 | Q = 6.8, p = 0.340 | I2 = 11.8% | −0.002 g/cm2, −0.019 to 0.015 | Z = −0.217, p = 0.828 |
| Femoral neck | 6 | 114/67 | Q = 6.4, p = 0.266 | I2 = 22.3% | 0.023 g/cm2, −0.009 to 0.054 | Z = 1.414, p = 0.157 |
EG exercise group, CG control group, RE resistance exercise, dwk days/week, WMD weight mean difference