Table 4.
Prospective associations between computer exposure at baseline and mental health outcomes (new cases) at 1-year follow-up
| |
|
Current stress |
Sleep disturbances |
Symptoms of depression (two items) |
Reduced performance |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Cases (%) | PR | 95% CI | n | Cases (%) | PR | 95% CI | n | Cases (%) | PR | 95% CI | n | Cases (%) | PR | 95% CI | ||
|
Computer use (CU) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
High |
440 |
43 (10) |
1.0 |
0.60–1.55 |
398 |
70 (18) |
1.8 |
1.14–2.78 |
173 |
31 (18) |
1.1 |
0.63–2.04 |
400 |
35 (9) |
2.0 |
1.01–3.98 |
| |
Medium |
409 |
42 (10) |
1.0 |
0.66–1.63 |
373 |
65 (17) |
1.8 |
1.17–2.79 |
187 |
30 (16) |
1.1 |
0.60–1.93 |
388 |
20 (5) |
1.2 |
0.61–2.49 |
| |
Low |
289 |
28 (10) |
1.0 |
|
263 |
25 (10) |
1.0 |
|
136 |
17 (12) |
1.0 |
|
279 |
12 (4) |
1.0 |
|
|
Women |
High |
463 |
92 (20) |
1.1 |
0.87–1.42 |
428 |
101 (24) |
1.2 |
0.95–1.52 |
152 |
39 (26) |
1.2 |
0.85–1.77 |
468 |
64 (14) |
1.1 |
0.79–1.48 |
| |
Medium |
617 |
117 (19) |
1.0 |
0.81–1.29 |
566 |
94 (17) |
0.8 |
0.65–1.06 |
241 |
64 (27) |
1.2 |
0.90–1.70 |
573 |
84 (15) |
1.1 |
0.82–1.48 |
| |
Low |
655 |
122 (19) |
1.0 |
|
600 |
128 (21) |
1.0 |
|
246 |
56 (23) |
1.0 |
|
586 |
75 (13) |
1.0 |
|
|
Email/chat use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
High |
116 |
6 (5) |
0.4 |
0.18–0.95 |
98 |
27 (28) |
1.9 |
1.29–2.77 |
38 |
4 (11) |
… |
… |
100 |
6 (6) |
0.9 |
0.41–1.99 |
| |
Medium |
215 |
20 (9) |
0.8 |
0.52–1.31 |
197 |
31 (16) |
1.1 |
0.77–1.63 |
86 |
13 (15) |
0.9 |
0.50–1.51 |
210 |
16 (8) |
1.3 |
0.73–2.25 |
| |
Low |
807 |
88 (11) |
1.0 |
|
740 |
102 (14) |
1.0 |
|
373 |
61 (16) |
1.0 |
|
757 |
45 (6) |
1.0 |
|
|
Women |
High |
136 |
37 (27) |
1.7 |
1.23–2.25 |
118 |
35 (30) |
1.7 |
1.23–2.24 |
26 |
8 (31) |
1.4 |
0.74–2.50 |
129 |
21 (16) |
1.3 |
0.84–1.94 |
| |
Medium |
348 |
80 (23) |
1.4 |
1.11–1.76 |
325 |
73 (22) |
1.3 |
1.01–1.62 |
133 |
38 (29) |
1.2 |
0.89–1.68 |
329 |
51 (16) |
1.2 |
0.88–1.60 |
| |
Low |
1248 |
212 (17) |
1.0 |
|
1149 |
212 18) |
1.0 |
|
477 |
111 (23) |
1.0 |
|
1167 |
150 (13) |
1.0 |
|
|
Computer gaming |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
High |
136 |
13 (10) |
0.9 |
0.51–1.53 |
107 |
20 (19) |
1.2 |
0.73–1.80 |
43 |
9 (21) |
1.1 |
0.58–1.98 |
108 |
5 (5) |
0.7 |
0.28–1.67 |
| |
Medium |
176 |
17 (10) |
0.9 |
0.55–1.50 |
156 |
25 (16) |
1.0 |
0.70–1.55 |
73 |
7 (10) |
0.6 |
0.29–1.24 |
161 |
9 (6) |
0.8 |
0.37–1.61 |
| |
Low |
826 |
83 (10) |
1.0 |
|
771 |
115 (15) |
1.0 |
|
380 |
62 (16) |
1.0 |
|
798 |
53 (7) |
1.0 |
|
|
Women |
High |
29 |
7 (24) |
1.3 |
0.67–2.47 |
29 |
7 (24) |
1.0 |
0.52–2.08 |
10 |
2 (20) |
… |
… |
26 |
2 (8) |
… |
… |
| |
Medium |
76 |
15 (20) |
1.0 |
0.65–1.63 |
59 |
17 (29) |
1.4 |
0.92–2.09 |
25 |
11 (44) |
1.9 |
1.17–3.03 |
64 |
7 (11) |
0.8 |
0.39–1.61 |
| |
Low |
1631 |
309 (19) |
1.0 |
|
1509 |
299 (20) |
1.0 |
|
605 |
146 (24) |
1.0 |
|
1538 |
213 (14) |
1.0 |
|
|
CU without breaks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
High |
280 |
25 (9) |
0.9 |
0.58–1.51 |
250 |
42 (17) |
1.4 |
0.92–2.09 |
100 |
16 (16) |
0.8 |
0.46–1.42 |
253 |
20 (8) |
1.9 |
0.98–3.61 |
| |
Medium |
454 |
50 (11) |
1.2 |
0.76–1.78 |
418 |
74 (18) |
1.5 |
1.05–2.16 |
202 |
29 (14) |
0.8 |
0.50–1.30 |
438 |
30 (7) |
1.6 |
0.90–3.03 |
| |
Low |
404 |
38 (9) |
1.0 |
|
366 |
43 (12) |
1.0 |
|
194 |
32 (16) |
1.0 |
|
377 |
16 (4) |
1.0 |
|
|
Women |
High |
189 |
49 (26) |
1.6 |
1.24–2.18 |
190 |
55 (29) |
1.7 |
1.31–2.23 |
62 |
21 (34) |
1.8 |
1.20–2.63 |
180 |
24 (13) |
1.1 |
0.76–1.74 |
| |
Medium |
588 |
121 (21) |
1.2 |
1.01–1.54 |
558 |
120 (22) |
1.3 |
1.06–1.63 |
208 |
62 (30) |
1.6 |
1.16–2.09 |
586 |
94 (16) |
1.3 |
1.01–1.69 |
| |
Low |
958 |
161 (17) |
1.0 |
|
846 |
147 (17) |
1.0 |
|
369 |
76 (21) |
1.0 |
|
863 |
105 (12) |
1.0 |
|
|
CU causing lost sleep |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
High |
174 |
27 (16) |
1.8 |
1.17–2.70 |
146 |
38 (26) |
2.0 |
1.42–2.87 |
53 |
9 (17) |
1.0 |
0.54–2.02 |
155 |
14 (9) |
2.1 |
1.15–3.98 |
| |
Medium |
243 |
25 (10) |
1.2 |
0.77–1.86 |
230 |
39 (17) |
1.4 |
0.96–1.94 |
104 |
20 (19) |
1.3 |
0.78–2.05 |
239 |
25 (10) |
2.5 |
1.44–4.24 |
| |
Low |
722 |
62 (9) |
1.0 |
|
659 |
83 (13) |
1.0 |
|
340 |
49 (14) |
1.0 |
|
674 |
28 (4) |
1.0 |
|
|
Women |
High |
123 |
35 (28) |
1.7 |
1.27–2.32 |
106 |
29 (27) |
1.5 |
1.07–2.08 |
32 |
10 (31) |
1.5 |
0.85–2.50 |
108 |
19 (18) |
1.4 |
0.92–2.20 |
| |
Medium |
214 |
55 (26) |
1.5 |
1.17–1.94 |
221 |
55 (25) |
1.4 |
1.06–1.78 |
78 |
31 (40) |
1.9 |
1.38–2.62 |
212 |
41 (19) |
1.6 |
1.14–2.13 |
| Low | 1400 | 242 (17) | 1.0 | 1270 | 239 (19) | 1.0 | 529 | 118 (22) | 1.0 | 1308 | 163 (12) | 1.0 | |||||
Participants who reported symptoms at baseline were excluded from analysis of the mental health outcome concerned. The study group n was: for Current stress: 1224 men and 1915 women; for Sleep disturbances: 1109 men and 1764 women; for Symptoms of depression (one item): 617 men and 791 women, for Symptoms of depression (two items): 535 men and 693 women; and for Reduced performance: 1145 men and 1802 women. Missing values (non-responses to items) were excluded from the analyses, which means that the n varied further in the analyses. The prevalence of mental health symptoms (cases and %) at 1-year follow-up in each exposure category is shown. The prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for relationship status, educational level, and occupation. PRs with a CI not including 1.00 (before rounding) are given in bold. Results of analyses with fewer than five cases are not presented, indicated as “…”.