Table 2.
Regional Cortical GM Volumes
| Region of Interest | nsCON n = 54 | sCON n = 34 | nsALC n = 35 | sALC n = 47 | P-values | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALC Main Effect | Smoke Main Effect | ALC X Smoke | ALC X Age | Smoke X Age | 3-way | nsCON vs. sCON | nsCON vs. nsALC | nsCON vs. sALC | sCON vs. nsALC | sCON vs. sALC | nsALC vs. sALC | |||||
| ACC | −0.03 (0.91) | −0.39 (0.96) | −0.79 (0.95) | −0.44 (0.88) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.40 | 0.81# | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.40 |
| DPFC | −0.01 (0.97) | −0.56 (0.96) | −1.47 (1.04) | −1.05 (0.95) | 0.028 | NS | 0.005* | NS | NS | 0.017* | 0.57# | 1.45# | 1.08# | 0.91# | 0.51# | 0.43 |
| OFC | −0.06 (0.90) | −0.44 (0.98) | −0.79 (1.03) | −0.68 (0.96) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.38 | 0.72# | 0.63# | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
| Insula | −0.03 (1.01) | −0.62 (1.01) | −1.13 (1.07) | −0.57 (1.04) | 0.001* | 0.10 | 0.085 | 0.019 | 0.085 | 0.07 | 0.59# | 1.06# | 0.76# | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.33 |
| IFG | −0.08 (0.86) | −0.48 (0.86) | −0.91 (0.91) | −0.54 (0.84) | 0.026 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.46 | 0.92# | 0.54# | 0.48 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
| STG | −0.08 (0.88) | −0.04 (0.89) | −0.80 (0.93) | −0.79 (0.87) | 0.029 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.05 | 0.79# | 0.80# | 0.84# | 0.85# | 0.01 |
| IPL | −0.04 (0.92) | −0.56 (0.92) | −1.06 (0.96) | −1.15 (0.90) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.57# | 1.08# | 1.21# | 0.53# | 0.64# | 0.10 |
| SPL | −0.06 (0.91) | −0.31 (0.91) | −0.87 (0.96) | −0.79 (0.89) | NS | NS | 0.004* | NS | NS | 0.008* | 0.28 | 0.86# | 0.76# | 0.59# | 0.51# | 0.13 |
| Precuneus | −0.04 (0.91) | −0.10 (0.92) | −0.75 (0.96) | −0.57 (0.91) | NS | NS | 0.055 | NS | NS | 0.072 | 0.06 | 0.76# | 0.59# | 0.69# | 0.52# | 0.19 |
| Isthmus cingulate | −0.03 (1.06) | − −0.14 (1.06) | −0.29 (1.12) | −0.29 (1.04) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
| PH region | −0.02 (1.03) | −0.70 (1.03) | −0.82 (1.09) | −0.73 (1.01) | NS | 0.058 | NS | NS | 0.021 | NS | 0.66# | 0.75# | 0.70# | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Total BREOS | −0.10 (0.95) | −0.63 (0.95) | −1.47 (1.00) | −1.06 (0.93) | 0.021 | NS | 0.005* | NS | NS | 0.017* | 0.56# | 1.43# | 1.03# | 0.88# | 0.46# | 0.44 |
| Non- BREOS cortical GM | −0.05 (0.56) | −0.33 (0.56) | −0.78 (0.59) | −0.69 (0.55) | 0.073 | NS | 0.088 | NS | NS | NS | 0.51# | 1.28# | 1.16# | 0.79# | 0.65# | 0.16 |
| Total Cortical GM | −0.12 (0.90) | −0.67 (0.89) | −1.22 (0.95) | −1.20 (0.88) | 0.012* | 0.55 | 0.019 | 0.090 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.61# | 1.20# | 1.23# | 0.60# | 0.61# | 0.01 |
*
p ≤ .018;
#
p ≤ .018 for pairwise t-test;
p-values > 0.10 listed as NS; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; IPL: inferior parietal lobule; PH: parahippocampal; SPL: superior parietal lobule; STG: superior temporal gyrus; mean (standard deviation).