Post-CLP treatment with HMGB1 siRNA/RVG-9R also affords protection. (A) CLP was performed, and siRNA treatment, as detailed in the legend of Fig. 3, was started 10 h later, and mice were followed for survival. (B–D) Twenty-four hours after CLP, mice were tested for serum HMGB1 levels (B), active caspase-3 positivity in PBMCs (C), and serum human cytokine levels (D), as described in the legend of Fig. 3 (n = 7 mice per group).