Table 3.
Causes of PCIs (using The PCNE Classification V 5.01)
| Primary domain | Code V5.01 | Cause | Frequency (%, n = 706) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1. Drug/Dose selection |
C1.1 |
Inappropriate drug selection |
7 (1.0) |
| |
C1.2 |
Inappropriate dosage selection |
10 (1.4) |
| |
C1.3 |
More cost-effective drug available |
2 (0.3) |
| |
C1.4 |
Pharmacokinetic problems, include ageing/deterioration in organ function and interactions |
5 (0.7) |
| |
C1.5 |
Synergistic/preventive drug required and not given |
11 (1.6) |
| |
C1.6 |
Deterioration/improvement of disease state |
150 (21.2) |
| |
C1.7 |
New symptom or indication revealed/presented |
75 (10.6) |
| |
C1.8 |
Manifest side effect, no other cause |
93 (13.2) |
| |
|
Subtotal 1 |
353 (50.0) |
|
2. Drug use process |
C2.1 |
Inappropriate timing of administration and/or dosing intervals |
44 (6.2) |
| |
C2.2 |
Drug underused/ under-administered |
5 (0.7) |
| |
C2.3 |
Drug overused/ over-administered |
9 (1.3) |
| |
C2.6 |
Patient unable to use drug/form as directed |
2 (0.3) |
| |
C2.7 |
Too many medications* |
6 (0.8) |
| |
C2.8 |
Inappropriate duration of use* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C2.9 |
New drug prescribed* |
2 (0.3) |
| |
|
Subtotal 2 |
69 (9.8) |
|
3. Information |
C3.1 |
Instructions for use/taking not known |
2 (0.3) |
| |
C3.2 |
Patient unaware of reason for drug treatment |
16 (2.3) |
| |
C3.5 |
Lack of communication between HCPs |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C3.6 |
Miscommunication between doctor and patient* |
4 (0.6) |
| |
C3.7 |
Unclear label* |
6 (0.8) |
| |
|
Subtotal 3 |
29 (4.1) |
|
4. Patient/Psychological |
C4.1 |
Patient forgets to use/take drug |
34 (4.8) |
| |
C4.2 |
Patient has concerns with drugs |
24 (3.4) |
| |
C4.3 |
Patient suspects side effects |
37 (5.2) |
| |
C4.4 |
Patient unwilling to carry financial cost |
6 (0.8) |
| |
C4.7 |
Patient unwilling to adapt life-style |
3 (0.4) |
| |
C4.8 |
Burden of therapy |
3 (0.4) |
| |
C4.9 |
Treatment not in line with health beliefs |
6 (0.8) |
| |
C4.11 |
Religious belief* |
6 (0.8) |
| |
C4.12 |
Patient unaware of possible complications* |
8 (1.1) |
| |
C4.13 |
Patient unaware of drug name* |
5 (0.7) |
| |
C4.14 |
Out of medication* |
7 (1.0) |
| |
C4.15 |
Overseas or travelling* |
9 (1.3) |
| |
C4.16 |
Patient smoking* |
7 (1.0) |
| |
C4.17 |
Patient unaware of tablet strength* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C4.18 |
Patient does not trust HCPs* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C4.19 |
Patient on traditional medicine* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C4.20 |
Patient on too many supplements* |
3 (0.4) |
| |
C4.21 |
Patient’s meal time is different* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C4.22 |
Patient shared medications |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C4.23 |
Non-adherence to medications* |
65 (9.2) |
| |
|
Subtotal 4 |
228 (32.3) |
|
5. Logistics |
C5.2 |
Prescribing error (only in case of slip of the pen) |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C5.3 |
Dispensing error (wrong drug or dose dispensed) |
1 (0.1) |
| |
|
Subtotal 5 |
2 (0.3) |
|
6. Others |
C6.11 |
Patient anxious about glucose level* |
1 (0.1) |
| |
C6.12 |
Patient not sure of using glucose meter or other devices* |
2 (0.3) |
| |
C6.13 |
Wrong frequency of glucose monitoring* |
1(0.1) |
| |
C6.14 |
Drug stored in unsuitable condition* |
2 (0.3) |
| |
C6.15 |
Patient not on medication in record* |
3 (0.4) |
| |
C6.2 |
No obvious cause |
16 (2.3) |
| Subtotal 6 | 25 (3.5) |
*Subclasses added, not in The PCNE Classification V 5.01.
HCPs = Healthcare professionals.