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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Jul 25;31:54–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.008

Figure 2. MIA induces long-lasting changes in cytokines in frontal cortex throughout development.

Figure 2

The fold-change ± SEM in cytokine concentration in MIA brain regions compared to control values is plotted. Values from MIA brains are either black or red, and the control values are superimposed in clear bars outlined in grey. Red bars indicate statistically significant changes compared to controls (p < 0.05). Increases are shown above 1 and decreases, below 1. (A) At P0, MIA-induced increases are found for four cytokines. IL-3 and RANTES are below the level of detection at this age. (B, C, D) At P7, P14 and P30, many cytokines in MIA FC are lower compared to controls. (E) At P60, fewer cytokines in MIA FC are altered and all of these are elevated. (F) A heat map is used to summarize the results for MIA-induced changes in cytokines at all ages examined. Statistically significant changes are indicated in color: red indicates increases, and blue decreases, in cytokine levels compared to controls. The degree of change is indicated by the depth of color as indicated in the lower panel. ND = below the level of detection. n = 5–6 brains per treatment group (pooled from at least two independent litters).