Table 2.
Subgroup performance relative to normative sample*
| Test | Treatment risk arm | Age at diagnosis | Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Low | Standard/high | <5 years | ≥5 years | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mean (95% CI) | P† | Mean (95% CI) | P† | Mean (95% CI) | P† | Mean (95% CI) | P† | Mean (95% CI) | P† | Mean (95% CI) | P† | |||||||||||||
| Wechsler, SS‡ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FSIQ | 98.1 (95.5 to 100.7) | .32 | 93.5 (90.3 to 96.7) | <.001 | 94.1 (91.3 to 97.0) | <.001 | 97.8 (94.8 to 100.7) | .27 | 95.3 (92.5 to 98.0) | .003 | 96.7 (93.6 to 99.8) | .12 | ||||||||||||
| FFD | 98.8 (95.5 to 102.1) | .47 | 93.3 (89.7 to 96.9) | <.001 | 93.7 (89.0 to 98.4) | .02 | 96.9 (94.1 to 99.8) | .12 | 95.3 (92.1 to 98.5) | .01 | 96.9 (93.0 to 100.8) | .23 | ||||||||||||
| Proc Speed | 104.8 (101.1 to 108.4) | .04 | 95.3 (91.1 to 99.6) | .03 | 101.5 (96.0 to 107.0) | .59 | 99.1 (95.7 to 102.6) | .62 | 97.1 (93.5 to 100.8) | .12 | 103.8 (99.0 to 108.6) | .23 | ||||||||||||
| WIAT, SS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Math | 103.4 (100.6 to 106.2) | .017 | 97.4 (94.0 to 100.8) | .14 | 100.8 (97.0 to 104.6) | 1.00 | 100.0 (97.2 to 102.9) | 1.00 | 101.1 (98.1 to 104.1) | .96 | 99.1 (95.7 to 102.6) | .83 | ||||||||||||
| Reading | 105.5 (102.1 to 108.8) | .005 | 96.5 (93.2 to 99.8) | .08 | 102.7 (97.8 to 107.7) | .81 | 99.9 (97.1 to 102.7) | 1.00 | 99.9 (96.6 to 103.2) | .96 | 102.0 (98.4 to 105.6) | .83 | ||||||||||||
| Spelling | 104.3 (101.5 to 107.2) | .007 | 94.1 (91.0 to 97.2) | <.001 | 101.4 (97.2 to 105.6) | 1.00 | 97.8 (95.2 to 100.5) | .33 | 96.9 (94.0 to 99.8) | .11 | 101.7 (98.3 to 105.2) | .83 | ||||||||||||
| CPT, T§ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Omissions, % | 82.7 (77.9 to 87.5) | <.001 | 85.1 (81.1 to 89.2) | <.001 | 81.2 (74.1 to 88.3) | <.001 | 85.0 (81.6 to 88.3) | <.001 | 84.0 (80.1 to 87.9) | <.001 | 84.0 (78.9 to 89.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
| Hit RT | 50.8 (47.7 to 53.8) | .63 | 47.5 (44.5 to 50.5) | .10 | 45.4 (41.1 to 49.7) | .038 | 50.2 (47.7 to 52.7) | .88 | 49.7 (46.9 to 52.5) | .85 | 47.9 (44.5 to 51.3) | .22 | ||||||||||||
| Variability | 58.4 (55.2 to 61.6) | <.001 | 59.0 (56.0 to 61.9) | <.001 | 60.3 (57.1 to 63.5) | <.001 | 58.1 (55.5 to 60.8) | <.001 | 57.5 (54.8 to 60.2) | <.001 | 60.4 (56.9 to 64.0) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
| d′ | 59.4 (57.0 to 61.7) | <.001 | 60.5 (58.2 to 62.8) | <.001 | 59.4 (56.4 to 62.3) | <.001 | 60.2 (58.2 to 62.2) | <.001 | 58.9 (57.2 to 60.7) | <.001 | 61.5 (58.3 to 64.6) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
| β | 68.0 (63.7 to 72.3) | <.001 | 74.9 (70.6 to 79.1) | <.001 | 63.6 (59.2 to 67.9) | <.001 | 74.5 (70.9 to 78.2) | <.001 | 71.6 (68.0 to 75.3) | <.001 | 71.8 (66.6 to 77.1) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
| CVLT, Z§ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (T) | 50.9 (48.4 to 53.3) | .94 | 49.5 (46.7 to 52.4) | 1.00 | 46.0 (42.6 to 49.4) | .09 | 51.7 (49.5 to 54.0) | .37 | 49.2 (46.7 to 51.6) | .83 | 51.6 (48.6 to 54.6) | .59 | ||||||||||||
| Learning Slope | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | .43 | −0.3 (−0.5 to 0.0) | .08 | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.3) | 1.00 | −0.3 (−0.5 to 0.1) | .013 | −0.3 (−0.5 to 0.0) | .11 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | .37 | ||||||||||||
| SD Free Recall | 0.2 (−0.0 to 0.4) | .43 | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 1.00 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 1.00 | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | .61 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | .83 | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | .14 | ||||||||||||
| LD Free Recall | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | .94 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 1.00 | −0.3(−0.8 to 0.1) | .37 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | .61 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | .83 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | .59 | ||||||||||||
| CPRS, T§ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impulse-Hyper | 48.6 (46.8 to 50.3) | .22 | 51.8 (49.5 to 54.1) | .13 | 51.2 (49.1 to 53.2) | .46 | 48.8 (46.8 to 50.8) | .47 | 49.6 (47.5 to 51.6) | .97 | 50.5 (48.5 to 52.5) | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Hyperactive | 48.1 (46.4 to 49.9) | .10 | 52.8 (50.2 to 55.4) | .08 | 51.3 (49.2 to 53.4) | .46 | 49.0 (46.8 to 51.3) | .47 | 50.8 (48.6 to 52.9) | .97 | 49.6 (47.4 to 51.8) | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Learning | 50.3 (48.2 to 52.3) | .79 | 56.8 (53.6 to 60.1) | <.001 | 54.3 (51.5 to 57.1) | .008 | 52.1 (49.5 to 54.6) | .32 | 54.1 (51.3 to 56.9) | .01 | 52.3 (49.8 to 54.7) | .21 | ||||||||||||
* FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; FFD = Freedom from Distractibility Index; WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; CPT = Conners’ Continuous Performance Test; RT = Reaction Time; CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test; SD = Short Delay; LD = Long Delay; CPRS = Conners’ Parent Rating Scale. Proc Speed = processing speed; Impulse-Hyper = Impulsivity–Hyperactivity Index; d′ = vigilance; β = risk taking; SS = standard score.
† P-values are based on a one-sample t-test compared with the published normative mean. They have been adjusted using the Holm–Bonferroni step-down method to account for multiple comparisons and reduce the risk of a Type I error. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided.
‡ Scores are reported as SS, which have a normative mean of 100 and SD of 15; T-scores, which have a normative mean of 50 and SD of 10; and Z-scores, which have a normative mean of 0 and SD of 1.
§ Indices on the CPT and CPRS are reverse cued such that a higher score is indicative of worse performance or greater problems.