Table 4.
Mixed model results of treatment, covariate, and individual effects on report of physical function during 7 years of follow-up (N = 16 077)*
| Effect | Description | Estimate (95% CI) | P† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | On-average entry Physical Functioning score | 90.69 (90.08 to 91.30) | <.001 |
| Time | Time (in y) = 0 at first 6-mo visit | −1.20 (−1.36 to −1.03) | <.001 |
| Age‡ | Age (in y) at enrollment (median = 63 y) | −0.25 (−0.28 to −0.22) | <.001 |
| Time × age | Interaction with time | −0.08 (−0.09 to −0.07) | <.001 |
| Finasteride | Treatment arm: finasteride = 1, placebo = 0 | 0.07 (−0.28 to 0.42) | .71 |
| Time × finasteride | Interaction with time | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.01) | .08 |
| Black race | Race – black: black = 1, non-black = 0 | −0.93 (−1.82 to −0.05) | .04 |
| Time × black race | Interaction with time | −0.08 (−0.33 to 0.16) | .50 |
| Other race | Race – other: non-white and non-black = 1, white or black = 0 | −1.09 (−2.36 to 0.19) | .09 |
| Time × other race | Interaction with time | 0.10 (−0.28 to 0.47) | .62 |
| BMI‡ | BMI at enrollment, (weight in kg)/(height in m)2; 18.5–24.9kg/m2 is considered normal (median = 27.13kg/m2) | −0.29 (−0.33 to −0.25) | <.001 |
| Time × BMI | Interaction with time | −0.05 (−0.06 to −0.04) | <.001 |
| Current smoking | Indicator, current smoker at enrollment: yes = 1, no = 0 | −2.34 (−2.97 to −1.71) | <.001 |
| Time × current smoking | Interaction with time | −0.49 (−0.67 to −0.31) | <.001 |
| Physical Function score‡ | SF–36 Physical Functioning score at enrollment: 0–100, higher = better functioning (median = 95) | 0.50 (0.48 to 0.51) | <.001 |
| Finasteride × Physical Function score | Finasteride interaction with SF–36 Physical Function score at enrollment | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | .004 |
| Time × Physical Function score | Interaction with time | −0.009 (−0.012 to −0.005) | <.001 |
| Vitality score‡ | SF–36 Vitality score at enrollment: 0–100, higher = less fatigue (median = 75) | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.10) | <.001 |
| Time × Vitality score | Interaction with time | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.16) | <.001 |
| Bodily Pain score‡ | SF–36 Bodily Pain score at enrollment: 0–100, higher = less pain (median = 84) | 0.10 (0.09 to 0.11) | <.001 |
| Time × Bodily Pain score | Interaction with time | −0.0004 (−0.0032 to 0.0024) | .78 |
| Variables added to a model containing all of the above variables | |||
| Education level | Years of education at enrollment, beyond high school, rescaled: 0 = high school or less, 1 = some college or vocational school, 2 = college graduate or higher | 0.52 (0.37 to 0.66) | <.001 |
| Time × education level | Interaction with time | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | .005 |
| Marital status | Married at enrollment: 0 = no, 1 = yes | 0.92 (0.41 to 1.43) | <.001 |
| Time × marital status | Interaction with time | 0.19 (0.05 to 0.33) | .008 |
| MET-hours/wk of walking‡ | MET-hours/wk of exercise through walking at enrollment (median = 7) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) | <.001 |
| Time × MET-hours/wk of walking | Interaction with time | −0.0019 (−0.0006 to 0.0045) | .14 |
| Diabetes | Diabetes at enrollment: yes = 1, no = 0 | −1.31 (−2.04 to −0.57) | <.001 |
| Time × diabetes | Interaction with time | −1.04 (−1.24 to −0.83) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | Hypertension at enrollment: yes =1, no = 0 | −0.73 (−1.11 to −0.35) | .000 |
| Time × hypertension | Interaction with time | −0.23 (−0.34 to −0.13) | <.001 |
| Mental Health score‡ | SF–36 Mental Health score at enrollment: 0–100, higher score = better mental health (median = 84) | −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04) | <.001 |
| Time × Mental Health score | Interaction with time | −0.004 (−0.009 to −0.000) | .05 |
| AUA Symptom Index‡ | AUA score at enrollment: 0–35, higher score = more urinary symptoms (median = 6) | −0.10 (−0.13 to −0.06) | <.001 |
| Time × AUA Symptom Index score | Interaction with time | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00) | .16 |
| SAS score‡ | SAS score at enrollment: 0–100, higher score = more sexual activity (median = 39) | −0.03 (−0.04 to −0.02) | .10 |
| Time × SAS score | Interaction with time | −0.003 (−0.005 to −0.0000) | .02 |
| Leg pain | Leg pain at enrollment: yes = 1, no = 0 | −2.57 (−3.04 to −2.10) | <.001 |
| Time × leg pain | Interaction with time | −0.15 (−0.28 to −0.02) | .03 |
| Congestive heart failure | Congestive heart failure at enrollment: yes = 1, no = 0 | −5.64 (−7.96 to −3.32) | <.001 |
| Time × congestive heart failure | Interaction with time | 0.25 (−0.44 to 0.94) | .48 |
* CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; SF–36 = Health Survey Short Form–36; MET = metabolic equivalent; AUA = American Urological Association; SAS = Sexual Activity Scale.
† Two-sided t-test.
‡ Variable adjusted by subtracting median score (median is shown in brackets in description column)