Table 3.
Infant and under-five mortality rates in Vietnam, 1997–2006
| |
IMR |
|
|
|
U5MR |
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1997 | 2000 | 2002 | 2006 | 1997 | 2000 | 2002 | 2006 |
|
1. Total sample |
32.0 |
36.8 |
24.2 |
18.8 |
41.2 |
47.0 |
30.3 |
23.0 |
|
2. Living standards |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poorest quintile |
42.4 |
45.5 |
33.6 |
19.8 |
61.0 |
59.5 |
43.9 |
24.0 |
| 2nd quintile |
37.5 |
38.0 |
29.2 |
23.5 |
45.8 |
48.0 |
34.4 |
29.3 |
| Middle quintile |
30.7 |
35.5 |
20.8 |
22.5 |
33.4 |
45.0 |
25.6 |
26.8 |
| 4th quintile |
28.7 |
26.3 |
19.0 |
14.3 |
37.0 |
32.3 |
25.8 |
17.8 |
| Richest quintile |
15.1 |
14.0 |
12.7 |
4.4 |
20.7 |
17.3 |
14.2 |
5.6 |
| Ratio poor/rich |
2.8 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
4.5 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
| Concentration Index |
−0.1639 |
−0.1913 |
−0.1764 |
−0.1896 |
−0.1828 |
−0.2024 |
−0.1843 |
−0.1875 |
| p (CI = 0) |
p < 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
| p (CI1997 = CI2006) |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
|
3. Education of mother |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No education |
38.8 |
47.5 |
25.9 |
32.3 |
57.0 |
63.0 |
35.6 |
41.0 |
| Primary |
38.7 |
40.0 |
29.5 |
17.3 |
50.9 |
51.5 |
34.3 |
20.8 |
| Lower secondary |
31.4 |
33.5 |
21.9 |
24.0 |
39.8 |
42.0 |
29.1 |
30.0 |
| Upper secondary or higher |
17.4 |
12.3 |
18.8 |
5.6 |
20.7 |
14.8 |
21.7 |
6.7 |
| Ratio no education / upper secondary or higher |
2.2 |
3.9 |
1.4 |
5.8 |
2.8 |
4.3 |
1.6 |
6.1 |
| Concentration Index |
−0.1071 |
−0.1685 |
−0.0785 |
−0.1137 |
−0.1278 |
−0.1809 |
−0.0734 |
−0.1157 |
| p (CI = 0) |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p < 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
| p (CI1997 = CI2006) |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
p > 0.05 |
|
4. Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Majority |
27.0 |
32.0 |
23.2 |
15.8 |
34.7 |
40.0 |
28.4 |
18.8 |
| Minority |
55.6 |
44.5 |
28.5 |
33.8 |
72.5 |
58.3 |
38.5 |
43.0 |
| Ratio minority / majority |
2.1 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
|
5. Sex of child |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
39.7 |
36.3 |
25.6 |
14.0 |
49.1 |
46.3 |
33.4 |
17.5 |
| Female |
23.5 |
36.0 |
22.7 |
20.8 |
32.6 |
46.3 |
27.0 |
25.5 |
| Ratio female/ male |
0.6 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
|
6. Place of residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
20.6 |
18.5 |
13.3 |
3.8 |
25.1 |
22.5 |
15.9 |
4.5 |
| Rural |
34.3 |
38.3 |
26.5 |
22.0 |
44.6 |
48.5 |
33.3 |
27.3 |
| Ratio rural/ urban |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
5.9 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
6.1 |
|
7. Region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red River Delta |
25.1 |
39.3 |
22.4 |
29.8 |
32.3 |
50.0 |
27.2 |
37.3 |
| Northern Uplands |
40.7 |
35.0 |
28.2 |
29.0 |
50.2 |
44.0 |
32.9 |
37.0 |
| North Central Coast |
35.0 |
39.3 |
40.1 |
18.8 |
40.0 |
50.8 |
47.1 |
22.5 |
| South Central Coast |
31.4 |
32.5 |
17.8 |
10.8 |
40.8 |
41.0 |
19.8 |
13.0 |
| Central Highlands |
45.0 |
37.0 |
21.8 |
17.8 |
51.6 |
47.5 |
35.8 |
21.5 |
| Southeast |
17.8 |
13.0 |
11.0 |
6.8 |
17.8 |
16.0 |
19.5 |
8.5 |
| Mekong River Delta | 33.1 | 45.0 | 21.5 | 12.3 | 51.5 | 59.3 | 28.8 | 15.0 |
Notes:
1. Infant mortality rate (IMR) = number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1,000 live births.
2. Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) = number of deaths of children less than five years of age per 1,000 live births.
3. p (CI = 0) = probability of concentration index being equal to zero (if p < 0.05, then there is a statistically significant difference between a concentration index of zero, indicating perfect equality, and the obtained concentration index; such a result indicates inequality).
4. p (CI1997 = CI2006) = probability of concentration index for 1997 being equal to concentration index for 2006 (if p < 0.05, then there is a statistically significant difference between the concentration index in 1997 and the concentration index in 2006; such a result indicates a change in inequality over time).