Table 2.
Disease characteristics of the populations investigated.
| Control cohort (N = 76,077) |
Patients with type 2 diabetes on oral meds (N = 6,086) |
Patients with type 1 diabetes (N = 2,282) |
Patients with DME (N = 1,316) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight (BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2) [n (%)] | 3,799 (5%) | 1,095* (18%) | 208 (9%) | 250* (19%) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) [n (%)] | 1,522 (2%) | 791* (13%) | 92 (4%) | 158* (12%) |
| BMI, male (mean ± SD) | 25 ± 13.9 | 29 ± 14.0 | 24 ± 9 | 29 ± 9 |
| BMI, female (mean ± SD) | 24 ± 14.1 | 28 ± 14.7 | 26 ± 11 | 30 ± 7 |
| Family history, type 2 diabetes [n (%)] | 782 (1%) | 487* (8%) | 274* (2%) | 132* (10%) |
| Smoking [n (%)] | 3,804 (5%) | 1,339* (22%) | 416* (18%) | 276* (21%) |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 10,650 (14%) | 4,138* (68%) | 1,529* (67%) | 868* (66%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mean ± SD) | 131 ± 15.4 | 133 ± 15.3 | 133 ± 14 | 136 ± 11 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mean ± SD) | 77 ± 8.5 | 76 ± 8.5 | 81 ± 3 | 82 ± 9 |
| Dyslipidemia [n (%)] | 7,603 (10%) | 2,921* (48%) | 251 (11%) | 166* (12%) |
| History of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) [n (%)] | 0 (0%) | 791* (13%) | 16 (1%) | 154* (12%) |
| History of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) [n (%)] | 780 (1%) | 1,095* (18%) | 11 (1%) | 160* (12%) |
| Hb1Ac (mean ± SD) | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.3 |
| History of vascular disease (coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral) [n (%)] | 9,129 (12%) | 1,643* (27%) | 319 (14%) | 368* (28%) |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [n, (%)] | 4,567 (6%) | 1,947* (32%) | 479* (21%) | 276* (21%) |
| Acute | ||||
| Myocardial infarction (MI) [n (%)] | 799 (1%) | 487* (8%) | 387* (17%) | 237* (18%) |
| Stroke [n (%)] | 714 (1%) | 182 (3%) | 12 (1%) | 91* (7%) |
| Percutaneous coronary transluminal arthroplasty (PCTA) [n (%)] |
689 (1%) | 61 (1%) | 25 (1%) | 27 (2%) |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) [n (%)] | 701 (1%) | 65 (1%) | 32 (1%) | 13 (1%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) [n (%)] | 215 (<1%) | 121 (2%) | 10 (1%) | 66* (5%) |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) [n (%)] | 755 (1%) | 426* (7%) | 46 (2%) | 105* (8%) |
| History gestational diabetes (females) [n (%)] | 181 (<1%) | 60 (1%) | 50 (2%) | 26 (2%) |
| Chronic kidney disease [n (%)] | ||||
| Stage 1 | 0 (0%) | 88 (1%) | 12 (1%) | 29 (2%) |
| Stage 2 | 0 (0%) | 92 (1%) | 68 (3%) | 55 (4%) |
| Stage 3 | 737 (1%) | 118 (2%) | 161 (7%) | 79 (6%) |
| Stage 4 | 2,282 (3%) | 212 (4%) | 114 (5%) | 75 (6%) |
| Stage 5 (end stage renal disease) | 766 (1%) | 109 (2%) | 42 (2%) | 37 (3%) |
| Dialysis | (<1%) | 175 (3%) | 37 (2%) | 39 (3%) |
| Microvascular complications [n (%)] | ||||
| Amputations | 281 (1%) | 177 (3%) | 35 (2%) | 28 (2%) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 741 (2%) | 365 (6%) | 17 (1%) | 77 (6%) |
| Nephropathy | 1,521 (2%) | 28 (4%) | 71 (3%) | 94 (7%) |
*Significantly different from control. 1-tail test. P < .05.