Table 2.
Associations between behavioural and reproductive health factors and HIV seroconversion among 646 women at high risk in Kampala, Uganda
| N (%)(1) | HIV sero converters /pyr |
HIV incidence rate/ 100 pyr |
Age adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Hazard Ratio(2) (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 42/1147 | 3.66 | |||
|
| |||||
| Behavioral factors | |||||
|
| |||||
| Number of lifetime partners | P-trend=0.06 | P-trend=0.02 | |||
| <20 | 95 (15) | 2/189 | 1.06 | 1 | 1 |
| 20-50 | 106 (16) | 7/195 | 3.59 | 3.38 (0.70-16.26) | 3.35 (0.68-16.37) |
| >50 or can’t remember |
445 (69) | 33/762 | 4.33 | 4.00 (0.96-16.67) | 4.78 (1.08-21.14) |
|
| |||||
| Age at first sex | P=0.01 | P=0.05 | |||
| <=14 | 220 (34) | 21/373 | 5.64 | 1 | 1 |
| 15-22 | 406 (63) | 18/740 | 2.43 | 0.44 (0.23-0.82) | 0.52 (0.27-0.99) |
| Can’t remember | 20 (3) | 3/34 | 8.73 | - | - |
|
| |||||
| Frequency of alcohol use (at baseline) | P=0.05 | P-trend=0.06 | |||
| Not using | 160 (25) | 4/276 | 1.45 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than once a week | 35 (5) | 1/71 | 1.40 | 1.00 (0.11-8.92) | 0.83 (0.09-7.60) |
| At least once a week | 297 (46) | 24/526 | 4.56 | 3.14 (1.09-9.06) | 2.72 (0.94-7.87) |
| Daily | 154 (24) | 13/273 | 4.76 | 3.26 (1.06-10.01) | 2.58 (0.81-8.20) |
|
| |||||
| CAGE (at baseline) | P=0.02 | P=0.06 | |||
| Not drinking | 160 (25) | 4/276 | 1.45 | 1 | 1 |
| Not problem drinking | 139(21) | 7/255 | 2.75 | 1.92 (0.56-6.56) | 1.65 (0.48-5.73) |
| Problem drinking | 347(54) | 31/616 | 5.03 | 3.45 (1.22-9.78) | 2.85 (0.99-8.17) |
|
| |||||
| Alcohol use in last 3 months (at follow-up) | P=0.002 | P=0.008 | |||
| No | 1559 (31) | 4/347 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3489 (69) | 38/800 | 4.75 | 3.91 (1.39-10.97) | 3.36 (1.17-9.59) |
|
| |||||
| Binge drinking last 3 months (at follow-up) | P=0.006 | P=0.03 | |||
| Non drinker | 1559 (31) | 4/347 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |
| Never binge | 2622 (52) | 26/595 | 4.37 | 3.63 (1.27-10.42) | 3.20 (1.10-9.31) |
| Ever Binge | 867 (17) | 12/205 | 5.85 | 4.72 (1.51-14.72) | 3.87 (1.20-12.52) |
|
| |||||
| Illicit drug use in last 3 months (at follow-up) | P=0.50 | P=0.32 | |||
| No | 3921 (78) | 31/894 | 3.47 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 112 (22) | 11/253 | 4.35 | 1.27 (0.64-2.53) | 1.44 (0.72-2.88) |
|
| |||||
| Number of paying clients in last month (at follow-up) (3) | P=0.05 | P=0.04 | |||
| <5 | 2632 (51) | 19/576 | 3.29 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-50 | 1983 (40) | 14/471 | 2.97 | 0.85 (0.42-1.70) | 0.85 (0.42-1.72) |
| >50 or can’t remember |
425 (8) | 9/101 | 9.27 | 2.47 (1.10-5.52) | 2.50 (1.12-5.57) |
|
| |||||
| Condom use with paying clients in last month (at follow-up) (4) | P=0.06 | P=0.07 | |||
| Consistent | 2163 (55) | 15/501 | 2.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Inconsistent | 1749 (45) | 22/408 | 5.39 | 1.91 (0.99-3.70) | 1.83 (0.95-3.54) |
|
| |||||
| Cleansing of the vagina (at follow-up) | P=0.65 | P=0.74 | |||
| Cleansing with soap | 2449 (49) | 21/565 | 3.71 | 1 | 1 |
| Cleansing without soap | 2291 (45) | 17/515 | 3.30 | 0.93 (0.49-1.77) | 0.96 (0.51-1.83) |
| No cleansing | 308 (6) | 4/66 | 6.01 | 1.60 (0.55-4.67) | 1.51 (0.52-4.42) |
|
| |||||
| Reproductive health | |||||
|
| |||||
| Pregnant (at follow-up) | P=0.02 | P=0.01 | |||
| No | 4515 (89) | 41/1015 | 4.04 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 531 (11) | 1/131 | 0.76 | 0.17 (0.02-1.23) | 0.16 (0.02-1.17) |
|
| |||||
| Hormonal contraceptive use in last 3 months (at follow-up) (5) | P=0.99 | P=0.95 | |||
| None or other | 2491 (55) | 23/559 | 4.11 | 1 | 1 |
| Oral | 611 (14) | 5/140 | 3.57 | 0.99 (0.38-2.62) | 0.90 (0.33-2.43) |
| Injectable (Depo- Provera) |
1415 (31) | 13/316 | 4.11 | 1.02 (0.52-2.02) | 0.88 (0.44-1.75) |
(1)
Number of women for baseline variables (N= 646 women) or number of visits for time-varying variables (n=5048 visits)
(2)
Adjusted for age, calendar time, number of lifetime partners, age at first sex, alcohol use during follow-up, number of paying clients in last 3 months, inconsistent condom use with paying clients and being pregnant
(3)
Missing for 8 women
(4)
For women with paying clients in the last month
(5)
For non-pregnant women only