TABLE 2.
Demographic, Pregnancy, and Neonatal Factors and Their Relationship With PPHN
| Variable | PPHN N (%) | Matched Controls N (%) | Crude Matched OR (95% CI) | Adjusted Ia OR (95% CI) | Adjusted IIb OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Maternal race | |||||
| White | 217 (57.6) | 606 (72.5) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 70 (18.6) | 75 (9.0) | 3.0 (1.9–4.7) | 2.5 (1.5–4.1) | 2.5 (1.4–4.5) |
| Asian | 32 (8.5) | 42 (5.0) | 2.3 (1.4–3.8) | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) | 2.9 (1.5–5.7) |
| Hispanic | 45 (12.0) | 91 (11.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
| Other | 13 (3.5) | 22 (2.6) | 2.0 (1.0–4.1) | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | 2.7 (1.0–7.0) |
| Maternal age | |||||
| ≤25 | 99 (26.3) | 208 (24.9) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 25–30 | 104 (27.6) | 241 (28.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
| 30–35 | 112 (29.7) | 261 (31.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
| >35 | 62 (16.5) | 126 (15.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
| Maternal education | |||||
| <13 | 135 (35.8) | 228 (27.3) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 13–15 | 106 (28.1) | 234 (28.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| >15 | 136 (36.1) | 374 (44.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| Parity | |||||
| Primiparous | 250 (66.3) | 561 (67.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Multiparous | 127 (33.7) | 275 (32.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
| BMI | |||||
| <20 | 38 (10.1) | 152 (18.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 20–27 | 197 (52.3) | 497 (59.5) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) |
| >27 | 134 (35.5) | 174 (20.8) | 3.0 (1.9–4.6) | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) |
| Unknown | 8 (2.1) | 13 (1.6) | 2.2 (0.8–5.9) | 2.0 (0.7–5.5) | 0.9 (0.2–3.2) |
| Pregnancy factors | |||||
| Maternal smoking | |||||
| Never | 226 (60.0) | 494 (59.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Before pregnancy | 84 (22.3) | 206 (24.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| During pregnancy | 67 (17.8) | 136 (16.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
| Multiple gestation | |||||
| Singleton | 365 (96.8) | 819 (98.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Multiple | 12 (3.2) | 17 (2.0) | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) |
| Infant gender | |||||
| Female | 138 (36.6) | 426 (51.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 239 (63.4) | 410 (49.0) | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
| Asthma | |||||
| Yes vs No | 46 (12.2) | 62 (7.4) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes vs No | 66 (17.5) | 90 (10.8) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||
| Yes vs No | 37 (9.8) | 35 (4.2) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
| NSAIDs third trimester | |||||
| Yes vs No | 37 (9.8) | 87 (10.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
| Perinatal factors | |||||
| Delivery | |||||
| Vaginal | 146 (38.7) | 677 (81.0) | Reference | Reference | |
| Cesarean delivery | 231 (61.3) | 159 (19.0) | 7.5 (5.5–10.4) | 7.0 (4.9–10.1) | |
| Gestational age (wk) | |||||
| <37 | 60 (15.9) | 42 (5.0) | 3.8 (2.5–5.8) | 3.6 (2.0–6.5) | |
| 37-41 | 227 (60.2) | 670 (80.1) | Reference | Reference | |
| >41 | 90 (23.9) | 124 (14.8) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) | |
| Birth wt (g) | |||||
| <2500 | 29 (7.7) | 29 (3.5) | 2.4 (1.4–4.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
| 2500–4000 | 275 (72.9) | 704 (84.3) | Reference | Reference | |
| >4000 | 73 (19.4) | 102 (12.2) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) |
a
Adjusted for other covariates within demographic and pregnancy factors.
b
Adjusted for all the covariates in the table.