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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 Aug 2;9(5):609–616. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2012.07.010

Figure 2. Macrophage-adipocyte interactions within adipose tissue.

Figure 2

Through expression of cytokines such as TNF-α, macrophages induce metabolic dysfunction in adipocytes, while through expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as leptin, adipocytes induce further inflammatory responses in macrophages. These complex interactions form the basis of a positive feedback loop which perpetuates inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue.